The Power of Optical/IR Interferometry: Recent Scientific Results and 2nd Generation Instrumentation: Proceedings of the ESO Workshop held in Garching, Germany, 4-8 April 2005 PDF
Preview The Power of Optical/IR Interferometry: Recent Scientific Results and 2nd Generation Instrumentation: Proceedings of the ESO Workshop held in Garching, Germany, 4-8 April 2005
ESO ASTROPHYSICS SYMPOSIA European Southern Observatory ——————————————————— SeriesEditor:BrunoLeibundgut A. Richichi F. Delplancke F. Paresce A. Chelli (Eds.) The Power of Optical/IR Interferometry: Recent Scientific Results and 2nd Generation Instrumentation Proceedings of the ESO Workshop held in Garching, Germany, 4-8 April 2005 ABC VolumeEditors Andrea Richichi Alain Chelli Francoise Delplancke Observatoire de Grenoble European Southern Observatory Lab. d’Astrophysique Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 2 Grenoble CX 38041 85748 Garching France Germany Francesco Paresce IASF Bologna Area Ricerca di Bologna Via Piero Gobetti 101 Bologna 40129 Italy SeriesEditor BrunoLeibundgut European Southern Observatory Karl-Schwarzschild-Str.2 85748Garching Germany LibraryofCongressControlNumber: 2007936613 ISBN 978-3-540-74253-1 SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9, 1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsare liableforprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. SpringerisapartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia springer.com (cid:1)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2008 Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelaws andregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Coverdesign:WMXDesign, Heidelberg Typesetting:bytheauthors Production: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd., Puducherry, India Printedonacid-freepaper 55/3180/Integra 543210 Preface In the ancient times the Romans had an expression,Per Aspera ad Astra. It is not clear whether they already experimented with interferometry at those times or whether they enjoyed clairvoyant abilities. Certainly, this expres- sion captures the essence of modern optical and near-infrared long-baseline interferometry, where technical challenges and engineering problems are the necessaryingredientsofeachsingledayofwork.Itis,then,onlynaturalthat so many of the workshops and meetings dedicated to interferometry until now have incorporated large fractions of technical and engineering papers. Back in 2003, when we started the preparations for what was to become the workshop published in this book, it was clear that the situation was changing. Alas, the technical and engineering problems were not finished, but by then interferometry had reached a status of scientific maturity that warrantedaworkshopfullydedicatedtoresults,andmanyofthemabsolutely ground-breaking.If a whole generation of interferometers such as the GI2T, Mark III, PTI, SUSI, IOTA, NPOI and others had attracted attention and shown the way forward with convincing results, new powerful facilities such as the VLTI, the Keck-Iand CHARA were finally making heads turn, paper after paper and press release after press release. Thesenewinterferometersalongwiththeirsophisticatedinstrumentation have provided new levels of accuracy, spectral resolution and access to var- ious spectral bands from the optical to the thermal infrared. Investigations are now enabled on a wealth of astrophysical sources with unprecedented levels of angularresolutionand sensitivity, producing a considerablebody of new, exciting scientific results. The ESO VLTI stands among the most pow- erful of such facilities. In celebrating the completion of the first phase of the VLTI development, we saw an opportunity to invite the community to come together to review and discuss not just interferometers, but science with in- terferometers and its impact on astronomy as a whole. This workshop was thus a celebration not just of the VLTI, of which Garching is the European home, but of the scientific success of interferometry. The workshop was also intendedtoshowcaseideasandconceptsforthefutureofinterferometry,and in particular for the second generation of VLTI instrumentation. This sec- ond part of the workshopwas organized in collaboration with the European Interferometry Initiative (EII). VI Preface With about 170 registered participants from 14 countries in addition to ESO and with a programme that was bulging at the seams with excellent presentations,itisperhapsnottooindulgentofus toconsidertheworkshop, whichtookplaceinGarchingon4–8April,2005,asuccess.Forthis,wehave to thank also the excellent organizationalsupport at ESO, and at the Max- Planck-Institut for Extraterrestrial Physics that kindly provided the large room required for this oversizedaudience. Looking back to that week of some years ago, we feel a deep satisfaction withtheoutcomeoftheworkshop,withtheoverwhelmingparticipation,with the richness of results presented and above all with the fertile exchange of ideas and discussions which took place. The only regret is that, due to a number of technical problems, the publication of so many important contri- butions has been delayed for such a long time. We can only hope for your indulgence, while looking forward to the next occasion to celebrate the sci- entific achievements of astronomical interferometry. Garching Alain Chelli June 2007 Fran¸coise Delplancke Francesco Paresce Andrea Richichi Contents The Power of Optical/IR Interferometry Francesco Paresce............................................... 1 The Early Days of the Very Large Telescope Interferometer Pierre L´ena .................................................... 9 1988–1993: The Final Definition of the Very Large Telescope Interferometer, its Site and Configuration Jacques M. Beckers ............................................. 23 Part I Science: Stars — stellar diameters, limb darkening, flattening, surface structures Stellar Diameters: Breaking the Barriers A. Richichi..................................................... 31 Imaging the Effects of Rotation in Altair and Vega D. M. Peterson, C. A. Hummel, T. A. Pauls, J. T. Armstrong, J. A. Benson, C. G. Gilbreath, R. B. Hindsley, D. J. Hutter, K. J. Johnston, D. Mozurkewich .................................. 43 Rapid Rotation across the HR Diagram with VLTI: Achernar and Altair A. Domiciano de Souza.......................................... 55 Multi-Wavelength Interferometry of Evolved Stars Using VLTI and VLBA M. Wittkowski, D. A. Boboltz, T. Driebe, K. Ohnaka ................ 61 Limb Darkening: Getting Warmer J. P. Aufdenberg, H.-G. Ludwig, P. Kervella, A. M´erand, S. T. Ridgway, V. Coud´e du Foresto, T. A. ten Brummelaar, D. H. Berger, J. Sturmann, N. H. Turner ......................... 71 VIII Contents Cepheid Distances from Interferometry P. Kervella, N. Nardetto, D. Bersier, D. Mourard, P. Fouqu´e, V. Coud´e du Foresto ............................................ 83 The K-Band Intensity Profile of R Leonis Probed by VLTI/VINCI D. Fedele, M. Wittkowski, F. Paresce, M. Scholz, P. R. Wood, S. Ciroi 95 Cepheids Observations Using CHARA/FLUOR : α UMi and δ Cep Antoine M´erand, Pierre Kervella, Vincent Coud´e du Foresto, Stephen T. Ridgway, Jason Aufdenberg, Theo ten Brummelaar, David Berger, Judit Sturmann, Lazlo Sturmann, Nils Turner, Harold A. McAlister............................................. 99 Cepheid Observations with the Sydney University Stellar Interferometer: (cid:4) Carinae and β Doradus J. Davis, M. J. Ireland, A. P. Jacob, J. R. North, S. M. Owens, J. G. Robertson, W. J. Tango, P. G. Tuthill........................ 105 The Circumstellar Environment of Evolved Stars as seen by VLTI/MIDI K. Ohnaka, J. Bergeat, T. Driebe, U. Graser, K.-H. Hofmann, R. K¨ohler, Ch. Leinert, B. Lopez, F. Malbet, S. Morel, F. Paresce, G. Perrin, Th. Preibisch, A. Richichi, D. Schertl, M. Scho¨ller, H. Sol, G. Weigelt, M. Wittkowski ....................................... 111 Part II Science: Stars — circumstellar matter, IR objects Evolved Stars: Interferometer Baby Food or Staple Diet? Peter Tuthill ................................................... 119 Eta Car through the Eyes of Interferometers O. Chesneau, R. van Boekel, T. Herbst, P. Kervella, M. Min, L.B.F.M. Waters, Ch. Leinert, R. Petrov, G. Weigelt ............... 131 The Ejecta of Eta Carinae: What we have Learned from Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph and the Ultraviolet Echelle Spectrograph Theodore R. Gull ............................................... 143 First AMBER/VLTI Observations of Hot Massive Stars R.G.Petrov, F.Millour, O.Chesneau, G.Weigelt, D.Bonneau, Ph.Stee, S.Kraus, D.Mourard, A.Meilland, M.Vannier, F.Malbet, F.Lisi, P.Antonelli, P.Kern, U.Beckmann, S.Lagarde, K.Perraut, S.Gennari, E.Le Coarer, Th.Driebe, M.Accardo, S.Robbe-Dubois, Contents IX K.Ohnaka, S.Busoni, A.Roussel, G.Zins, J.Behrend, D.Ferruzi, Y.Bresson, G.Duvert, E.Nussbaum, A.Marconi, Ph.Feautrier, M.Dugu´e, A.Chelli, E.Tatulli, M.Heininger, A.Delboulbe, S.Bonhomme, D.Schertl, L.Testi, Ph.Mathias, J.-L.Monin, L.Gluck, K.H.Hofmann, P.Salinari, P.Puget, J.-M.Clausse, D.Fraix-Burnet, R.Foy, A.Isella.................................. 153 Mineralogy of Circumstellar Dust L.B.F.M. Waters, Ch. Leinert .................................... 163 First Evidence for a Spatially Resolved Disk Structure around the Herbig Ae Star R CrA S. Correia, R. Ko¨hler, G. Meeus, H. Zinnecker ..................... 175 The Chaotic Winds of AGB Stars: Observation Meets Theory Peter Woitke, Andreas Quirrenbach ............................... 181 Observations of 51 Ophiuchi with MIDI at the VLTI C. Gil, F. Malbet, M. Scho¨ller, O. Chesneau, Ch. Leinert ............ 187 Mid-Infrared Spectrally-Dispersed Visibilities of Massive Stars Observed with the MIDI Instrument on the VLTI D. J. Wallace, J. Rajagopal, R. Barry, L. J. Richardson, B. Lopez, O. Chesneau, W. C. Danchi...................................... 193 The B[e] Star Hen 3-1191 Resolved with MIDI R. Lachaume, Th. Preibisch, Th. Driebe ........................... 199 Part III Science: Stars — binaries and multiples Binaries: A Main Staple of Interferometry Christian A. Hummel............................................ 207 Protoplanetary Disks as seen by Interferometry Anne Dutrey ................................................... 217 Pre-Main Sequence Binaries: The Promise of IR Interferometry Michal Simon .................................................. 227 Observations of Young Stellar Objects with Infrared Interferometry: Recent Results from PTI, KI and IOTA Rachel Akeson.................................................. 235 FU Orionis - The MIDI Perspective Sascha P. Quanz, Thomas Henning, Christoph Leinert, Thorsten Ratzka, Sebastian Wolf.................................. 243 X Contents VLTI MIDI Observations of the Herbig Ae Star HR 5999 Thomas Preibisch, Thomas Driebe, Stefan Kraus, Regis Lachaume, Roy van Boekel, Gerd Weigelt .................................... 249 Disentangling the Wind and the Disk in the Close Surrounding of the Young Stellar Object MWC297 with AMBER/VLTI F. Malbet, M. Benisty, W. J. de Wit, S. Kraus, A. Meilland, F. Millour, E. Tatulli, J.-P. Berger, O. Chesneau, K.-H. Hofmann, A. Isella, R. Petrov, T. Preibisch, P. Stee, L. Testi, G. Weigelt, the AMBER consortium ......................................... 255 Interferometry of M8E-IR with MIDI - Resolving the Dust Emission M. Feldt, I. Pascucci, O. Chesneau, D. Apai, Th. Henning, Ch. Leinert, H. Linz, A. Men’shchikov, B. Stecklum ................. 263 Observing T Tauri Stars in the Mid-Infrared with MIDI Th. Ratzka, Ch. Leinert.......................................... 269 KeckInterferometerObservationsoftheYoung Spectroscopic Binary Haro 1-14c Gail H. Schaefer, Michal Simon, L. Prato.......................... 275 Preliminary Physical Orbit of the HD 98800 B System Andy Boden, Anneila Sargent, Rachel Akeson, John Carpenter........ 281 Part IV Science: Stars — Galactic centre, AGNs, astrometry, exo-planets and future targets Resolving the Dusty Tori in AGN with the VLT Interferometer Klaus Meisenheimer ............................................ 289 A New Analysis of MIDI Observations of the Nucleus of NGC 1068 Anne Poncelet, Guy Perrin, H´el`ene Sol ............................ 301 IRS 3 - The Brightest Compact MIR Source in the Galactic Center A. Eckart, J.-U. Pott, A. Glindemann, T. Viehmann, R. Sch¨odel, C. Straubmeier, C. Leinert, M. Feldt, R. Genzel, M. Robberto ........ 307 Contents XI Scientific Prospects for VLTI in the Galactic Centre: Getting to the Schwarzschild Radius T. Paumard, G. Perrin, A. Eckart, R. Genzel, P. L´ena, R. Sch¨odel, F. Eisenhauer, T. Mu¨ller, S. Gillessen............................. 313 Beyond the VLTI Andreas Quirrenbach ............................................ 319 The Power of Optical and Infrared Interferometry - From Dreams to Reality Thomas Henning................................................ 325 Part V Instrumentation: Concepts for future interferometric fringe tracking Multiple Beam Fringe Tracking at VLTI M. Gai, D. Bonino, L. Corcione, D. Gardiol, M. G. Lattanzi, D. Loreggia, G. Massone, S. Menardi ............................. 331 Multiple-beam Fringe Tracking for the VLTI F. Cassaing, F. Baron, I. Mocoeur, L. M. Mugnier, G. Rousset, B. Sorrente .................................................... 337 Part VI Instrumentation: 2nd Generation Instrumentation for the VLTI – Proposals APerture Synthesis in the MID-Infrared with the VLTI B. Lopez, S. Wolf, M. Dugu´e, U. Graser, Ph. Mathias, P. Antonelli, J.-C. Augereau, J. Behrend, N. Berruyer, Y. Bresson, O. Chesneau, C. Connot, K. Demyk, E. DiFolco, A. Dutrey, S. Flament, Ph. Gitton, A. Glazenborg, A. Glindemann, M. Heininger, Th. Henning, K.-H. Hofmann, Y. Hugues, W. Jaffe, S. Jankov, S. Kraus, S. Lagarde, Ch. Leinert, H. Linz, K. Meisenheimer, L. Mosoni, J.-L. Menut, U. Neumann, A. Niedzielski, F. Przygodda, F. Puech, T. Ratzka, R. Rohloff, A. Roussel, D. Schertl, F.-X. Schmider, B. Stecklum, E. Thi´ebaut, F. Vakili, K. Wagner, G. Weigelt ......... 345 VITRUV - Imaging Close Environments of Stars and Galaxies with the VLTI at Milli-Arcsec Resolution Fabien Malbet, Jean-Philippe Berger, Paulo Garcia, Pierre Kern, Karine Perraut, Myriam Benisty, Laurent Jocou, Emilie Herwats, Jean-Baptiste Lebouquin, Pierre Labeye, Etienne Le Coarer, Olivier Preis, Eric Tatulli, Eric Thi´ebaut ................................ 357
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