The Physics and Astrophysics of Neutron Stars PDF
Preview The Physics and Astrophysics of Neutron Stars
Astrophysics and Space Science Library 457 Luciano Rezzolla Pierre Pizzochero David Ian Jones Nanda Rea Isaac Vidaña Editors The Physics and Astrophysics of Neutron Stars The Physics and Astrophysics of Neutron Stars Astrophysics and Space Science Library SeriesEditor: STEVENN.SHORE,DipartimentodiFisica“EnricoFermi”,UniversitàdiPisa, Pisa,Italy AdvisoryBoard: F.BERTOLA,UniversityofPadua,Italy C.J.CESARSKY,CommissionforAtomicEnergy,Saclay,France P.EHRENFREUND,LeidenUniversity,TheNetherlands O.ENGVOLD,UniversityofOslo,Norway E.P.J.VANDENHEUVEL,UniversityofAmsterdam,TheNetherlands V.M.KASPI,McGillUniversity,Montreal,Canada J.M.E.KUIJPERS,UniversityofNijmegen,TheNetherlands H.VANDERLAAN,UniversityofUtrecht,TheNetherlands P.G.MURDIN,InstituteofAstronomy,Cambridge,UK B.V.SOMOV,AstronomicalInstitute,MoscowStateUniversity,Russia R.A.SUNYAEV,MaxPlanckInstituteforAstrophysics,Garching,Germany Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/5664 Luciano Rezzolla • Pierre Pizzochero (cid:129) ˜ David Ian Jones (cid:129) Nanda Rea (cid:129) Isaac Vidana Editors The Physics and Astrophysics of Neutron Stars 123 Editors LucianoRezzolla PierrePizzochero Institutfu¨rTheoretischePhysik Universita’degliStudidiMilano GoetheUniversityFrankfurt DipartimentodiFisica Frankfurt Milan,Italy Hessen,Germany DavidIanJones NandaRea UniversityofSouthampton InstituteofSpaceSciences(ICE) MathematicalSciences ConsejoSuperiordeInvestigaciones Southampton,UnitedKingdom Científicas(CSIC) Barcelona,Spain IsaacVidan˜a IstitutoNazionalediFisicaNucleare (INFN) DipartimentodiFisica,Universitàdi Catania Catania,Italy ISSN0067-0057 ISSN2214-7985 (electronic) AstrophysicsandSpaceScienceLibrary ISBN978-3-319-97615-0 ISBN978-3-319-97616-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97616-7 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018960864 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Coverillustration: Composite imageoftheCrabnebula withX-raysfromChandra (blue andwhite), NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope (purple) and NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope (pink). Also shown withacartoonisthestructureofthecompactstaratthecenterofthenebulaandshowingthevarious partsofaneutronstar:thecore,theoutercoreandthecrust.Credit:X-ray:NASA/CXC/SAO;Optical: NASA/STScI;Infrared:NASA-JPL-Caltech;Cartoon:L.Rezzolla(GU) ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Foreword Compact stars, such as neutron stars, strange stars, and hybrid stars, are unique laboratories that allow us to probe the building blocks of matter and their inter- actions at regimes complementary to terrestrial laboratories. These exceptionally complex astrophysical sources have already led to breakthrough discoveries in nuclear and subnuclear physics, QCD, general relativity, and high-energy astro- physics.Themostrecentlandmarkwas thefirstgravitationalwavedetectionfrom the merging of two neutron stars on August 17, 2017 (GW170817), 2 years after the first ever direct detection of gravitational waves, which has closed a chapter initiatedalmostonecenturyago,withthefirstpaperofAlbertEinsteinongeneral relativity.With the observationof coalescing neutronstars, the gravitational-wave detectors LIGO and Virgo have demonstrated their potential to directly probe the properties of matter at the extreme conditions found in this scenario. Indeed, constraints have been placed on the tidal effects of the coalescing stars, which in turn constrain the neutron star radii and the equation of state of matter at twice the nuclear saturation density. These observations also mark the beginning of the multi-messenger astronomy era with the simultaneous detection of gravitational waves, gamma-ray burst, and electromagnetic emission from the same source. In thecomingyears,thepredictedlargenumberofneweventswillgreatlyimproveour understandingofneutronstarmergersandofneutronstarinternalstructure.During 2019,theobservatoryNICER(NeutronStarInteriorCompositionExplorer)hosted bytheInternationalSpaceStation(ISS)willreleaseitsfirstone-yearcampaignof X-rayobservationsofafewneutronstarsaimingatdeterminingtheradiusofthese starswithinlessthan10%accuracy.WeshallalsomentiontheGAIAsatellitewhich ismeasuringthepositionofbillionsofobjectsinouruniversewithanunprecedented accuracy.Weareconfidentthatthesemeasureswillconsiderablyhelpunderstanding the multiplefaces ofneutronstarsand will providea better pictureof the neutron starjigsawpuzzle. Thenuclearandsubnuclearexperimentalfacilities,suchasFAIRandGANILin Europe, offer a complementary approach to explore the phase diagram of dense matter as well as reaction rates and transport properties. They have nurtured innovativeand fundamentaldiscoveriesthanksto the synthesis ofnew radioactive v vi Foreword elements, on one side, and to the productionof new states of matter in heavy ion collisions, on the other side. Theoretical approaches in nuclear physics have also been greatly renewed over the last decade, mainly thanks to the new chiral EFT methodswhichhaveallowedtoestablishconstraintsonthepropertiesoflow-density nuclear matter—up to 1−2 times the nuclear saturation density. The description of the nuclear equation of state at zero and finite temperature,in uniformor non- uniform matter, as well as reaction rates and transport properties has also made a big step during the last decade. The more systematic use of nuclear physics inputsin compactstar modelinghas contributedto reduce the uncertaintiesin the modelpredictions.The variousconstraintscoming from both nuclear physicsand astrophysics have been instrumental in improving our understandingof the dense matterequationofstate.Detailedquestionsrelatedtophasetransitionsandtransport propertiesarenowemerging,andfutureexperimentsandobservationswillprovide evenbetterdatatokeepimprovingthemodels. Theoutstandingvarietyofobservationalpropertiesofcompactstarschallenged observers and requires quite dedicated instruments. NICER is an example, but observations in the whole electromagnetic range, from radio to gamma rays, are crucial to understand the properties of compact stars. Future instruments, e.g., FAST,LOFT,ATHENA,andSKA, willprovideanunprecedentedamountofdata on compact stars. One particular issue that has received significant attention is the astonishing large magnetic fields exhibited by neutron stars. From both the microphysicsand the macrophysicssides, the relevance of strong magnetic fields in different processes has been acknowledged. Understanding their impact, for instance,incore-collapsesupernovae,thelong-termcoolingofstronglymagnetized neutron stars, the bursting activity of magnetars, the merger of neutron stars binaries,andthecrustalcoolingofquiescentlow-massX-raybinaries,amongother scenarios,hasbeentheobjectofmanytheoreticalstudies,improvingourknowledge ofthesefascinatingobjects. The book is meant to address a large spectrum of readers, from first-year PhD students up to senior researchers, who will find a thorough overview of the variousfacetsof the physicsand astrophysicsofcompactstars. Theaim is thatof summarizing the recent progress in the field and the many challenging questions which still remainto be answered;most importantly,the bookaims at identifying effective strategies to explore, both theoretically and observationally, the open problems. To accomplish this goal, each of the 13 chapters of the book written by internationally renowned experts includes a brief overview of the historical context, a detailed review of the main theoreticalachievements, experimentaland observationalresults,andfinallythepresentchallenges,futureprospects,andopen questions. The book is organized into three thematic blocks: the first part (Chaps.1–4) covers the astrophysical context where neutron stars are formed (core-collapse supernovae),discussestheimpactofstrongmagneticfieldsin neutronstars(mag- netarsandtransientphenomena),reviewstestsofgravitywithcompactstarsandthe detectionofgravitationalwaves,andstudiesthecomplexityofbinarysystems. Foreword vii The second part (Chaps.5–9) is dedicated to nuclear physics. Several decades ago, it was suggested that the neutron star equation of state could be directly determinedfromobservations.Asatransitionfromastrophysicstonuclearphysics, a review is made of the constraints from electromagnetic observations. Then the nuclearequationsofstateatbothzeroandfinitetemperaturearepresented,followed by the connection with low-energy QCD and super-dense matter. Interestingly, since the nuclear interaction is attractive at long range, a part of the volume of neutron star core and crust could host superfluid neutrons, or charged particles in superconducting state. Pairing is believed to be responsible for glitches and can affect neutron star oscillations. Finally, the microphysics part of the book is concludedbyaddressingthequestionsrelatedtotransportphenomenaandreaction ratesinhadronicandquarkmatter. The last part (Chaps.10–13) is mainly focused on gravitational physics and kilonovaephenomena;the gravitationalwave emission from mergingneutronstar binariesaswellasthepost-mergingdynamicsisdiscussed,andtheelectromagnetic emissionofkilonovaeanditsengine—thenucleosynthesis—isdescribed.Gravita- tional waves emitted by a single neutron star due to its quadrupolar “mountain” deformation are also discussed, as these could be the next new signals to look for in advanced terrestrial interferometers. Finally, this section is concluded with a presentation of universal relations arising in general relativity—the so-called I-Love-Q relations—and of alternative theories of gravity and their universal relations. Thisbook,theNewCompStarWhiteBook,isthefinaldeliverableoftheMP1304 COST Action, which ran from 2013 to 2017and was the naturalextension of the ESF-fundedRPN “CompStar”(2008–2013),which coordinatedvariousinitiatives at the national level such as EMMI in Germany and TeonGrav in Italy (still continuing),SN2NS continuingas MODE in France,and manymore. After more than 10 years of continued networking at the highest European level, research on compact stars is more active than ever before and has reached maturity. The near future activities are also guaranteed by the new COST Action PHAROS which will operate until 2021. But NewCompStar did not end in Europe. It was also connectedtoresearchgroupsinnon-EUcountries,suchasArmenia,Australia,the Russian Federation, and the USA. Many of the world leading experts in the field have participatedin our internationalconferencesand schools.NewCompStar has therefore been an important nexus acting as a global reference for compact star physics. At thispoint,the NewCompStarWhite Book providesa timely summaryof the enormous progress in our field during the last decade. As illustrated through the chapters of this book, progress has been possible thanks to the multidisciplinary interaction among astrophysicists, nuclear and particle physicists, and experts in gravitational physics. NewCompStar was the framework which allowed leading experts in these fields to work together and jointly address fascinating and chal- lengingproblems.Thedeepandrichinterconnectivitybetweenareaswas stressed andexploitedsincethebeginningofourEuropeannetworkingefforts,beingoneof thekeystonesofourproject.Inadditiontothepureresearchagenda,Compstarand viii Foreword NewCompStar also provided a dedicated training program for a new generation of scientists, which grew with a broader view and better skills than previous generations. This book also represents a synthesis of the many ideas transmitted toyoungresearchersduringtheinternationalschools. To conclude, it is worth stressing again that, although this white book is a collection of contributionsfrom NewCompStar community members, most of the discussed results have been obtained by large international, worldwide collabo- rations trying to understand the physics of compact stars. Given its pedagogical purposes and the very broad range of topics covered, we have no doubt that this volume will find its place among the few general books on neutron stars, and we hope it will further stimulate research on these fascinating celestial objects, accompanyinganewgenerationofphysicists. Roma,Italy ValeriaFerrari Seattle,WA,USA JeromeMargueron Alicante,Spain JoseA.Pons June2018 Preface Astrophysical objects have always inspired in us a deep sense of wonder, awe andinspiration.Astrophysicalcompactobjects—suchasneutronstars—obviously belong to this class and are, arguably,among the most exquisite exampleof what driveshumanfascination. This sense of fascination has pervaded “NewCompStar”, a network that between 2013 and 2017 has collected scientists across Europewith very different backgrounds—astrophysicsandgravitationalandnuclearphysics—inthecommon quest for a better understanding of neutron stars and of the fundamental physics behindthem. Numerousaretheachievementsofthesescientists,whohavemetinanumberof meetings—smallandlarge—andwhohavecollectivelywrittenhundredsofpapers over 4 years only. More importantly, a legacy of collaborations, synergies and friendshipshasbeenpassedoverto“PHAROS”,thenewandimprovedincarnation ofthisspirit. As a way to cast on paper a small part of what NewCompStar has ultimately achieved, we have organised this collection of chapters that aim at providing the excitingportraitofourpresentunderstandingofneutronstars. Theauthorsofthesechaptershavebeenchosenfortheirextraordinaryexpertise and to reflect NewCompStar’s natural geographic and gender balance. More importantly, these authors are not only very active in their corresponding fields, buttheywillprobablyshapetheminapermanentmanner. Wetrustthatthisbookwillbeusefulbothasareferenceforresearchersworking in the field and as a first introduction to the subject for the generation of young scientistswillingtojointheexcitingadventureofunderstandingcompactstars. Frankfurt,Germany LucianoRezzolla Milan,Italy PierrePizzochero Southampton,UK DavidIanJones Barcelona,Spain NandaRea Catania,Italy IsaacVidaña ix
The list of books you might like
