The Paradigmatic Structure of Person Marking (Oxford Studies in Typology and Linguistic Theory)

390 Pages·2009·17.9 MB·English

by  Michael Cysouw

THE PARADIGMATIC STRUCTURE
OF PERSON MARKING
OXFORD STUDIES IN TYPOLOGY AND LINGUISTIC THEORY
SERIES EDITORS: Ronnie Cann, University of Edinburgh, William Croft, University of New
Mexico, Martin Haspelmath, Max Planck Institute Leipzig, Nicholas Evans, University of
Melbourne, Anna Siewierska, University of Lancaster.
PUBLISHED
Classifiers: A Typology of Noun Categorization Devices
Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald
Auxiliary Verb Constructions
Gregory D. S. Anderson
Pronouns
D. N. S. Bhat
Subordination
Sonia Cristofaro
The Paradigmatic Structure of Person Marking
Michael Cysouw
Indefinite Pronouns
Martin Haspelmath
Anaphora
Yan Huang
The Emergence of Distinctive Features
Jeff Mielke
Applicative Constructions
David Peterson
Copulas
Regina Pustet
The Noun Phrase
Jan Rijkh off
Intransitive Predication
Leon Stassen
Co-Compounds and Natural Coordination
Bernhard Wälchli
PUBLISHED IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE SERIES
The World Atlas of Language Structures
edited by Martin Haspelmath, Matthew Dryer, Bernard Comrie, and David Gil
IN PREPARATION
Imperatives and Commands
Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald
Reciprocals
Nicholas Evans
Reference in Discourse
Andrej A. Kibrik
Double Object Constructions
Maria Polinsky
Predicative Possession
Leon Stassen
Sign Languages
Ulrike Zeshan
THE PARADIGMATIC
STRUCTURE OF
PERSON MARKING
MICHAEL CYSOUW
OXPORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford 0x2 6Dp
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© Michael Cysouw 2009
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First published 2003
First published in paperback 2008
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Cysouw, Michael.
The paradigmatic structure of person marking/Michael Cysouw.
(Oxford studies in typology and linguistic theory)
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
1. Grammar, Comparative and general-Person 2. Typology (Linguistics) 3. Grammar,
Comparative and general-Number 4. Historical linguistics I. Title II. Series.
P240.85 .C95 2003 415-dc21 2002192576
ISBN 978-0-19-925412-5 (Hbk.)
978-0-19-955426-3 (Pbk.)
Typeset by SPI Publisher Ltd., Pondicherry, India
Printed in Great Britain
on acid-free paper by
Biddies Ltd., King's Lynn, Norfolk
Contents
Long contents vi
Preface xi
List of abreviations xiv
1. Introduction: Objective, Definitions, Method, and Some History 1
PART I. PERSON MARKING
2. One Among the Crowd: The Marking of Singular Participants 39
3. Group Marking: Redefining Plurality in the Pronominal Domain 66
PART II. PARADIGMATIC STRUCTURE
4. The Diversity of the Core: A Survey of Patterns of
Singular and Group Marking 101
5. Compound Pronouns: Other Person Categories Disqualified 166
PART III. NUMBER INCORPORATED
6. Cardinality: Redefining Number in the Pronominal Domain 187
7. The Diversity of Restricted Groups: A Survey of
Dual Person Marking 204
PART IV. COGNATE PARADIGMS
8. Connecting Paradigms: Person Paradigms through Time and Space 245
9. Cognate Paradigms Revisited: Connecting the Dual 269
10. Finale: Summary and Prospects 295
References 32
List of languages according to genetic/geographical distribution 351
Index of names 361
Index of languages 367
Index of subjects 373
Long Contents
1. Introduction: Objective, Definitions, Method, and Some History 1
1.1 The feat of Domingo de Santo Tomás 1
1.2 Definitions and delimitation 4
1.2.1 Preamble 4
1.2.2 Person and number 6
1.2.3 Paradigmatic structure 8
1.2.4 Specialization and grammaticalization 12
1.2.5 Remaining delimitations 15
1.3 Methodology 20
1.3.1 Preamble 20
1.3.2 Typology versus cros-linguistic research 21
1.3.3 Sampling in typology 2
1.3.4 Crypto-diachrony 24
1.4 Previous cros-linguistic investigations 24
1.4.1 Preamble 24
1.4.2 Forcheimer and his critics 25
1.4.3 Grenberg and his co-workers 28
1.4.4 Mühlhäusler an Hará 31
1.4.5 Laycock on New Guinean pronouns 32
1.4.6 Conclusion 3
1.5 Outline of the bok 3
PART I. PERSON MARKING
2. One Among the Crowd: The Marking of Singular Participants 39
2.1 Introduction 39
2.2 Posible paterns 39
2.3 Singular homophony 41
2.3.1 Dutch-type homophony (Sb) 41
2.3.2 Spanish-type homophony (Sc) 45
2.3.3 English-type homophony (Sd) 48
2.3.4 French-type homophony (Se) 51
2.3.5 Sumary 52
2.4 Singular homophony and pro-drop 54
Long Contents vii
2.5 The distribution of zeros 57
2.5.1 Zeros in homophonous paradigms 57
2.5.2 Zeros for speaker or adrese 58
2.5.3 Zeros for third person 61
2.6 Conclusion 64
3. Group Marking: Redefining Plurality in the Pronominal Domain 66
3.1 Introduction 6
3.2 Definition 67
3.3 Terminology 68
3.4. Towards a typology of groups 72
3.5 A partial typology: the first person complex 78
3.6 Diferent kinds of 'we' 80
3.6.1 Type (Pa): unified-we 80
3.6.2 Type (Pb): no-we 81
3.6.3 Type (Pc): only-inclusive 84
3.6.4 Type (Pd): inclusive/exclusive 85
3.6.5 Type (Pe): minimal/augmented 85
3.6.6 Rare types 90
3.7 Generalizations 95
3.8 Conclusion 98
PART II. PARADIGMATIC STRUCTURE
4. The Diversity of the Core: A Survey of Patterns of
Singular and Group Marking 101
4.1 Introduction 101
4.2 Method of clasification 102
4.3 No inclusive/exclusive: split non-singular 106
4.3.1 Preamble 106
4.3.2 Latin-type paradigm 106
4.3.3 Sinhalese-type paradigm 108
4.3.4 Berik-type paradigm 110
4.3.5 Maricopa-type paradigm 114
4.3.6 Rare variants 18
4.4 No inclusive/exclusive: homophonous non-singular 123
4.4.1 Preamble 123
4.4.2 1/2-homophony 124
4.4.3 2/3-homophony 129
4.4.4 1/3-homophony 134
4.4.5 Unified homophony 136
4.5 Inclusive/exclusive: split non-singular 138
4.5.1 Preamble 138
4.5.2 Maranao-type paradigm 139
viii Long Contents
4.5.3 Mandara-type paradigm 141
4.5.4 Tupí-Guaraní-type paradigm 143
4.5.5 Kwakiutl-type paradigm 145
4.5.6 Siera Popoluca-type paradigm 147
4.5.7 Rare variants 152
4.6 Inclusive/exclusive: homophonous non-singular 152
4.6.1 Preamble 152
4.6.2 Inclusive/2-homophony 153
4.6.3 Inclusive/3-homophony 155
4.6.4 Exclusive/2-homophony 156
4.6.5 Exclusive/3-homophony 158
4.6.6 2/3-homophony 159
4.7 Generalizations 160
4.8 Conclusion 165
5. Compound Pronouns: Other Person Categories Disqualified 166
5.1 Introduction 16
5.2 From compound to pronoun 167
5.3 The Bantoid compound pronouns 171
5.3.1 Preamble 171
5.3.2 The basic compound paradigm 172
5.3.3 Two inclusives innovated 174
5.3.4 One inclusive innovated 177
5.3.5 The strange case of Ghomala' 179
5.4 Generalizations 181
5.5 The incorporative reading revisited 182
5.6 Conclusion 183
PART III. NUMBER INCORPORATED
6. Cardinality: Redefining Number in the Pronominal Domain 187
6.1 Introduction 187
6.2 A metalanguage for number marking 188
6.3 Markednes reversals 193
6.4 Other numbers 197
6.5 Conclusion 202
7. The Diversity of Restricted Groups: A Survey of
Dual Person Marking 204
7.1 Introduction 204
7.2 Method and terminology 205
7.3 Duals without inclusive/exclusive 205
7.3.1 Preamble 205
7.3.2 The dual-unified-we paradigm 206
Long Contents ix
7.3.3 Vertical homophony 207
7.3.4 Horizontal homophony 210
7.3.5 Vertical and horizontal homophony 215
7.3.6 Summary 216
7.4 Duals with inclusive/exclusive: three times 'we' 216
7.4.1 Preamble 216
7.4.2 Inclusive/exclusive in plural only 218
7.4.3 Inclusive/exclusive in dual only 220
7.4.4 Dual in exclusive only 221
7.4.5 Dual in inclusive only 222
7.4.6 Summary 24
7.5 Duals with inclusive/exclusive: four times 'we' 224
7.5.1 Preamble 24
7.5.2 The dual-inclusive/exclusive paradigm 224
7.5.3 The partial-unit-augmented paradigm 226
7.5.4 Homophonous paradigms 228
7.5.5 Summary 232
7.6 Duals with inclusive/exclusive: five times 'we' 232
7.7 Generalizations 236
7.8 Conclusion 241
PART IV. COGNATE PARADIGMS
8. Connecting Paradigms: Person Paradigms through Time and Space 245
8.1 Introduction 245
8.2 Cognate paradigms 246
8.3 Towards a theory of paradigmatic change 249
8.4 Up and down the Horizontal Homophony Hierarchy 251
8.4.1 Preamble 251
8.4.2 Interconnecting the smal paradigms 252
8.4.3 Up the hierarchy 254
8.4.4 Summary 258
8.5 Up and down the Explicitness Hierarchy 259
8.5.1 Preamble 259
8.5.2 Minimal/augmented inclusive (or not) 260
8.5.3 Inclusive/exclusive (or not) 264
8.5.4 Vertical and singular homophony (or not) 265
8.5.5 Summary 267
8.6 Conclusion 267
9. Cognate Paradigms Revisited: Connecting the Dual 269
9.1 Introduction 269
9.2 The typological hypothesis 270