The Palgrave Handbook of Applied Linguistics Research Methodology

929 Pages·2018·16.491 MB·English

by  Aek Phakiti, Peter de Costa, Luke Plonsky, Sue Starfield

THE PALGRAVE HANDBOOK
OF APPLIED LINGUISTICS
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Edited by Aek Phakiti, Peter De Costa,
Luke Plonsky and Sue Starfield
The Palgrave Handbook of Applied Linguistics
Research Methodology
Aek Phakiti • Peter De Costa
Luke Plonsky • Sue Starfield
Editors
The Palgrave
Handbook of Applied
Linguistics Research
Methodology
Editors
Aek Phakiti Peter De Costa
Sydney School of Education and Social Work Department of Linguistics, Germanic, Slavic,
University of Sydney Asian and African Languages
Sydney, NSW, Australia Michigan State University
East Lansing, MI, USA
Luke Plonsky
Applied Linguistics Sue Starfield
Northern Arizona University School of Education
Flagstaff, AZ, USA UNSW Sydney
Sydney, NSW, Australia
ISBN 978-1-137-59899-8 ISBN 978-1-137-59900-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59900-1
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018955931
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018
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Cover illustration: © Aek Phakiti
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Preface
Applied linguistics is a broad, evolving interdisciplinary field of study, which
examines language use with relevance to real-world problems across a range of
social contexts using a diverse set of methodologies. This Handbook aims to
provide a comprehensive, yet accessible treatment of basic and more advanced
research methodologies in applied linguistics as well as to offer a state-of-the-
art view of various substantive domains within the field. The Handbook covers
a range of research approaches, presents current perspectives, and addresses
important considerations in different research methods, such as designing and
implementing research instruments and techniques and analyzing different
types of applied linguistics data. Innovations, challenges, and trends in applied
linguistics research are addressed throughout the Handbook.
This Handbook has brought together a range of authors in various areas of
research into one volume. The authors work with a variety of languages in a
host of research contexts, ensuring both breadth and depth. As the
Handbook editors, we have curated themes and ideas that are aligned with the
current research climate as well as areas that help applied linguists better
understand social and educational phenomena and the nature of language,
language learning, and language use.
Readership
As we anticipate that many readers of this Handbook may be junior scholars
seeking guidance on research methods, and taking into account the many
options and pathways on offer, we have striven to ensure that the Handbook pro-
vides an up-to-date entry point into both approaches that have stood the test
v
vi Preface
of time and approaches that may be less well known, but offer interesting
possibilities and perspectives. This Handbook is suitable for use by advanced
undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as beginning and well-
established applied linguists who would like both a broad and in-depth under-
standing of contemporary applied linguistics research methods and topics.
Specifically, this Handbook can be used in applied linguistics, second language
studies, and TESOL graduate programs around the world. Libraries, univer-
sity departments, and organizations dealing with applied linguistics issues will
also find this Handbook to be an invaluable resource.
Comments or Suggestions
The editors would be grateful to hear comments and suggestions regarding
this Handbook. Please contact Aek Phakiti at [email protected],
Peter De Costa at [email protected], Luke Plonsky at lukeplonsky@
gmail.com, or Sue Starfield at [email protected].
Sydney, NSW, Australia Aek Phakiti
East Lansing, MI, USA Peter De Costa
Flagstaff, AZ, USA Luke Plonsky
Sydney, NSW, Australia Sue Starfield
Acknowledgments
We wish to express our heartfelt thanks to the contributors of this Handbook
who worked hard to produce great chapters and promptly responded to our
requests and comments on earlier drafts. You are all truly amazing. We would
also like to thank the many researchers, authors, and methodologists who
published research articles, book chapters, and books not only in applied lin-
guistics but across various disciplines. Their contributions have helped us
deepen our understanding of numerous issues and methods relevant to applied
linguistics. Next, we are very grateful to Palgrave for their kind support
throughout the completion of this Handbook.
We would like to thank our colleagues and friends at Georgetown University,
Michigan State University, Northern Arizona University, the University of
New South Wales, and the University of Sydney who discussed with us essen-
tial ideas and issues to be included in this Handbook and read and commented
on several chapter drafts, in particular: Janette Bobis, Jesse Egbert, Mia Jun,
Amy Kim, Wendy Li, Alison Mackey, Guy Middleton, Lourdes Ortega, Brian
Paltridge, Jack C. Richards, Fran Waugh, and Yiran Xu.
Finally, we would like to thank our partners who supported us throughout
the process of putting together this Handbook, including weekend Skype time
when our schedules—sometimes across four distinct time zones—would
align.
vii
Contents
Part I Research Approaches and Methodology 1
1 Applied Linguistics Research: Current Issues, Methods, and
Trends 5
Aek Phakiti, Peter De Costa, Luke Plonsky, and Sue Starfield
2 Habits of Mind: How Do We Know What We Know? 31
Richard F. Young
3 Quantitative Methodology 55
Luke K. Fryer, Jenifer Larson-Hall, and Jeffrey Stewart
4 Qualitative Methodology 79
Shim Lew, Anna Her Yang, and Linda Harklau
5 Mixed Methodology 103
Alison Mackey and Lara Bryfonski
6 Traditional Literature Review and Research Synthesis 123
Shaofeng Li and Hong Wang
7 Research Replication 145
Rebekha Abbuhl
ix
x Contents
8 Ethical Applied Linguistics Research 163
Scott Sterling and Peter De Costa
9 Writing a Research Proposal 183
Sue Starfield
10 Writing a Research Article 199
Betty Samraj
Part II Research Instruments, Techniques, and Data Sources 221
11 Interviews and Focus Groups 225
Matthew T. Prior
12 Observation and Fieldnotes 249
Fiona Copland
13 Online Questionnaires 269
Jean-Marc Dewaele
14 Psycholinguistic Methods 287
Sarah Grey and Kaitlyn M. Tagarelli
15 SLA Elicitation Tasks 313
Susan Gass
16 Introspective Verbal Reports: Think-Alouds and Stimulated
Recall 339
Melissa A. Bowles
17 Corpus Research Methods for Language Teaching and
Learning 359
Magali Paquot
18 Digital Discourses Research and Methods 375
Christoph A. Hafner
Contents xi
Part III Data Analysis 391
19 Correlation and Simple Linear Regression in Applied
Linguistics 395
Reza Norouzian and Luke Plonsky
20 Exploratory Factor Analysis 423
Aek Phakiti
21 Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Structural Equation
Modeling 459
Aek Phakiti
22 Analyzing Group Differences 501
Luke Wander Amoroso
23 Statistics for Categorical, Nonparametric, and Distribution-
Free Data 523
Jesse Egbert and Geoffrey T. LaFlair
24 Reliability Analysis of Instruments and Data Coding 541
Kirby C. Grabowski and Saerhim Oh
25 Analyzing Spoken and Written Discourse: A Role for Natural
Language Processing Tools 567
Scott A. Crossley and Kristopher Kyle
26 Narrative Analysis 595
Phil Benson
27 Interaction Analysis 615
Elizabeth R. Miller
28 Multimodal Analysis 639
Jesse Pirini, Tui Matelau-Doherty, and Sigrid Norris