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THE PALGRAVE DICTIONARY OF TRANSNATIONAL HISTORY THE PALGRAVE DICTIONARY OF TRANSNATIONAL HISTORY Edited by Akira Iriye Harvard University, USA and Pierre-Yves Saunier Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France pa grave macmillan * © Macmillan Publishers Ltd 2009 Softcover re print of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-1-4039-9295-6 AU rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-1 O Kirby Street, London EC 1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The editors have asserted their rights to be identified as the editors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St. Martin's Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-74032-1 ISBN 978-1-349-74030-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-74030-7 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 Contents Editorial Board vi List of Contributors vii Introduction xvii Acknowledgements xxi Notes for the Reader xxiii List of Acronyms XXV Tree Diagrams xxvi List of Entries xxxvii Entries 1 Namelndex 1153 Subject Index 1197 Editorial Board General Editors Akira lriye Harvard University, USA Pierre-Yves Saunier Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France Associate Editors jane Carruthers Mariano Plotkin University of South Africa, South Africa Instituto de Desarrollo Econ6mico y Social, Argentina Donna Gabaccia University of Minnesota, USA Patrick Verley Universite de Geneve, Switzerland Rana Mitter University of Oxford, UK List of Contributors Monia Abdallah Christopher Balme Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Institut fur Theaterwissenschaft, Sociales, France Germany Phina Geraldine Abir-Am Greg Bankoff Brandeis University, USA University of Huli, UK ThomasAdam Kelly Bannister University of Texas at Arlington, USA University of Victoria, Canada Maude M. Adjarian Tani Barlow University of Arizona, USA University of Washington, USA Alexis K. Albion Thomas Bender The World Bank, USA New York University, USA Carlos Altamirano Jonathan Benthall Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, University College London, UK Argentina Fran~oise Berger Sunil Amrith Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Grenoble, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK France Irene Anastasiadou Volker R. Berghahn Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Columbia University, USA The Netherlands Steve Bernardin Gerhard Anders Universite de Paris 1 - Pantheon Sorbonne, Universităt Ziirich, Switzerland France Erik Anderson Andries Bezuidenhout Brown University, USA University ofThe Witwatersrand, South Africa A. Aneesh University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA Sanjoy Bhattacharya University College London, UK Peder Anker Universitetet i Oslo, Norway Margaret C. Boardman Independent scholar, USA Sonia Ashmore Victoria and Albert Museum, UK Philip Bonner University of The Witwatersrand, William J. Ashworth South Africa University of Liverpool, UK Paolo Brenni Cemil Aydin Fondazione Scienza & Tecnica, Italy University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA John Britton Francis Marion University, USA Tony Ballantyne Washington University in St Louis, USA Natalia Brizuela University of California at Berkeley, USA viii List of Contributors Tom Brooking Robert Cliver University of Otago, New Zealand Humboldt State University, USA Tom Buchanan Yves Cohen University of Oxford, UK Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, France Elizabeth Buettner University of York, UK G. Daniel Cohen Rice University, USA Carlos F. Câceres Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Patrick Cohrs Peru Yale University, USA Melissa L. Caldwell Val Colic-Peisker University of California at Santa Cruz, USA RMIT University, Australia Robert M. Campbell Ken Conca Mount Allison University, Canada University of Maryland, USA David Cantor Matthew Connelly National Institutes ofH ealth, USA Columbia University, USA Jane Carruthers Sebastian Conrad University of South Africa, European University Institute, ltaly South Africa Sahr Conway-Lanz Keith Cartwright National Archives and Records University of North Florida, USA Administration, USA Youssef Cassis Dorota Dakowska Universite de Geneve, Switzerland Universite de Strasbourg Robert Schuman, France Ernesto Castafieda-Tinoco Columbia University, USA Shao Dan University ofI llinois at Urbana Luiz A. Castro-Santos Champaign, USA Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazii Thomas Richard Davies University of Oxford, UK Richard Cavell Evan N. Dawley University of British Columbia, Canada Harvard University, USA John T. Chalcraft Simona De Iulio London School ofE conomics and Politica[ Universite de Strasbourg Robert Schuman, Science, UK France Christophe Charle Sarah E. Dedonder Ecole Normale Superieure, France Kansas State University, USA Charles C. Chester Mathieu Deflem Brandeis University, USA University of South Carolina, USA Lucy Chester Luiz Fernando Dias Duarte University of Colorado at Boulder, USA Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazii Mark Cioc University of California at Santa Maria Paula Diogo Cruz, USA Universidade Nava e Lisboa, Portugal Patricia Clavin Cornelis Disco University of Oxford, UK Universiteit Twente, The Netherlands List of Contributors ix Colin Dival Laurence Fontaine University of York, UK Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, France Marie-Laure Djelic ESSEC Business School, France Barbara A. Frey University of Minnesota, USA Kurk Dorsey University of New Hampshire, USA Harriet Friedmann University of Toronto, Canada Paul J. Dosal University of South Florida, USA Peter Fritzsche University of Illinois, USA Rafiqu Dossani Stanford University, USA Carlo Fumian Universita degli Studi di Padova, Italy Stephen Dovers Australian National University, Australia Ellen Furlough University of Kentucky, USA Jaap Dronkers European University Institute, Italy Jonathan Furner University of California at Las Arzgeles, Prasenjit Duara USA University of Chicago, USA Donna Gabaccia Ellen Carol DuBois University of Minnesota, USA University of California at Las Angeles, USA Ilya V. Gaiduk United Nations Educational, Scientific and Laird M. Easton Cultural Organization, Russia California State University, USA Oded Galor Jean-Frant;:ois Eck Brown University, USA Universite Charles de Gaulle - Lille 3, France Karina Galperin Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Argentina Andreas Eckert Humboldt Universităt zu Berlin, Germany Arlette Gautier Universite de Brest, France Pieter Emmer Universiteit Leiden, The Netherlands Sandra Gayol Universidad Nacional de General Clive Emsley Sarmiento, Argentina The Open University, UK Didier Georgakakis Shane Ewen Universite de Strasbourg Robert Schuman, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK France Stefano Fait David Gerlach University of St Andrews, UK University of Pittsburgh, USA Giovanni Federico Karl Gerth European University Institute, Italy University of Oxford, USA Olivier Feiertag Michael Geyer Universite de Rouen, France University of Chicago, USA Andreas Fickers Jessica C. E. Gienow-Hecht Universiteit Maastricht, foharzn Wolfgang Goethe-Universităt The Netherlands Frankfurt/Main, Germarzy Robert Fitzgerald Petra Goedde Royal Holloway, University of London, UK Temple University, USA x List of Contributors Marisa Gonzalez de Oleaga Christiane Harzig Universidad Nacional de Educaci6n a Arizona State University, USA Distancia, Spain Pierre-Cyrille Hautcoeur David Goodman Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences University of Melboume, Australia Sociales, France Timothy Gorringe Johan Heilbron University of Exeter, UK Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France Christopher Goto-Jones Universiteit Leiden, Hans Heiss The Netherlands Universităt Innsbruck, Austria Gabriele Gottlieb Madeleine Herren Grand Valley State University, USA Ruprecht-Karls-Universităt Heidelberg, Germany Harrison Grafos University of Pittsburgh, USA Winton Higgins University of Technology Sydney, Australia Julie Greene University of Maryland, USA Neville Hoad University of Texas at Austin, USA Raymond Grew University of Michigan, USA Dirk Hoerder Arizona State University, USA Bernd-Stefan Grewe Universităt Konstanz, Germany Eri Hotta Independent scholar, USA J. Bishop Grewell Politica[ Economy Research Center, USA Peter Hough Middlesex University, UK Tom Griffiths Australian National University, Guy Houvenaghel Australia Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium Nicolas Guilhot Elisabeth Hsu Social Science Research Council, USA University of Oxford, UK Nicolas Guirimand Madeline Y. Hsu Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences University of Texas at Austin, USA Sociales, France Michael Huberman Kolleen M. Guy Universite de Montreal, Canada University of Texas at San Antonio, USA Tobias Hiibinette Jane L. Guyer Multicultural Centre, Sweden Johns Hopkins University, USA Jonathan Hyslop Cindy Hahamovitch University of The Witwatersrand, College of William and Mary, USA South Africa Peter L. Hahn Akira Iriye Ohio State University, USA Harvard University, USA Jean-Louis Halperin Ruud Janssens Ecole Normale Superieure, France Universiteit van Amsterdam, jessica L. Harland-Jacobs The Netherlands University of Florida, USA Laurent jeanpierre Stephen L. Harp Universite Paris XII- Val de Mame, University ofA kron, USA France

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"The Palgrave Dictionary of Transnational History is written by over 350 authors from 25 countries and numerous subject disciplines. They share the belief that modern world history must be understood, not simply as a sum of national histories or a chronical of inter-state affairs, but also as a stor
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THE PALGRAVE DICTIONARY OF TRANSNATIONAL HISTORY THE PALGRAVE DICTIONARY OF TRANSNATIONAL HISTORY Edited by Akira Iriye Harvard University, USA and Pierre-Yves Saunier Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France pa grave macmillan * © Macmillan Publishers Ltd 2009 Softcover re print of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-1-4039-9295-6 AU rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-1 O Kirby Street, London EC 1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The editors have asserted their rights to be identified as the editors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2009 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St. Martin's Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-74032-1 ISBN 978-1-349-74030-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-74030-7 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 Contents Editorial Board vi List of Contributors vii Introduction xvii Acknowledgements xxi Notes for the Reader xxiii List of Acronyms XXV Tree Diagrams xxvi List of Entries xxxvii Entries 1 Namelndex 1153 Subject Index 1197 Editorial Board General Editors Akira lriye Harvard University, USA Pierre-Yves Saunier Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France Associate Editors jane Carruthers Mariano Plotkin University of South Africa, South Africa Instituto de Desarrollo Econ6mico y Social, Argentina Donna Gabaccia University of Minnesota, USA Patrick Verley Universite de Geneve, Switzerland Rana Mitter University of Oxford, UK List of Contributors Monia Abdallah Christopher Balme Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Institut fur Theaterwissenschaft, Sociales, France Germany Phina Geraldine Abir-Am Greg Bankoff Brandeis University, USA University of Huli, UK ThomasAdam Kelly Bannister University of Texas at Arlington, USA University of Victoria, Canada Maude M. Adjarian Tani Barlow University of Arizona, USA University of Washington, USA Alexis K. Albion Thomas Bender The World Bank, USA New York University, USA Carlos Altamirano Jonathan Benthall Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, University College London, UK Argentina Fran~oise Berger Sunil Amrith Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Grenoble, Birkbeck College, University of London, UK France Irene Anastasiadou Volker R. Berghahn Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Columbia University, USA The Netherlands Steve Bernardin Gerhard Anders Universite de Paris 1 - Pantheon Sorbonne, Universităt Ziirich, Switzerland France Erik Anderson Andries Bezuidenhout Brown University, USA University ofThe Witwatersrand, South Africa A. Aneesh University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA Sanjoy Bhattacharya University College London, UK Peder Anker Universitetet i Oslo, Norway Margaret C. Boardman Independent scholar, USA Sonia Ashmore Victoria and Albert Museum, UK Philip Bonner University of The Witwatersrand, William J. Ashworth South Africa University of Liverpool, UK Paolo Brenni Cemil Aydin Fondazione Scienza & Tecnica, Italy University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA John Britton Francis Marion University, USA Tony Ballantyne Washington University in St Louis, USA Natalia Brizuela University of California at Berkeley, USA viii List of Contributors Tom Brooking Robert Cliver University of Otago, New Zealand Humboldt State University, USA Tom Buchanan Yves Cohen University of Oxford, UK Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, France Elizabeth Buettner University of York, UK G. Daniel Cohen Rice University, USA Carlos F. Câceres Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Patrick Cohrs Peru Yale University, USA Melissa L. Caldwell Val Colic-Peisker University of California at Santa Cruz, USA RMIT University, Australia Robert M. Campbell Ken Conca Mount Allison University, Canada University of Maryland, USA David Cantor Matthew Connelly National Institutes ofH ealth, USA Columbia University, USA Jane Carruthers Sebastian Conrad University of South Africa, European University Institute, ltaly South Africa Sahr Conway-Lanz Keith Cartwright National Archives and Records University of North Florida, USA Administration, USA Youssef Cassis Dorota Dakowska Universite de Geneve, Switzerland Universite de Strasbourg Robert Schuman, France Ernesto Castafieda-Tinoco Columbia University, USA Shao Dan University ofI llinois at Urbana Luiz A. Castro-Santos Champaign, USA Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazii Thomas Richard Davies University of Oxford, UK Richard Cavell Evan N. Dawley University of British Columbia, Canada Harvard University, USA John T. Chalcraft Simona De Iulio London School ofE conomics and Politica[ Universite de Strasbourg Robert Schuman, Science, UK France Christophe Charle Sarah E. Dedonder Ecole Normale Superieure, France Kansas State University, USA Charles C. Chester Mathieu Deflem Brandeis University, USA University of South Carolina, USA Lucy Chester Luiz Fernando Dias Duarte University of Colorado at Boulder, USA Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazii Mark Cioc University of California at Santa Maria Paula Diogo Cruz, USA Universidade Nava e Lisboa, Portugal Patricia Clavin Cornelis Disco University of Oxford, UK Universiteit Twente, The Netherlands List of Contributors ix Colin Dival Laurence Fontaine University of York, UK Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, France Marie-Laure Djelic ESSEC Business School, France Barbara A. Frey University of Minnesota, USA Kurk Dorsey University of New Hampshire, USA Harriet Friedmann University of Toronto, Canada Paul J. Dosal University of South Florida, USA Peter Fritzsche University of Illinois, USA Rafiqu Dossani Stanford University, USA Carlo Fumian Universita degli Studi di Padova, Italy Stephen Dovers Australian National University, Australia Ellen Furlough University of Kentucky, USA Jaap Dronkers European University Institute, Italy Jonathan Furner University of California at Las Arzgeles, Prasenjit Duara USA University of Chicago, USA Donna Gabaccia Ellen Carol DuBois University of Minnesota, USA University of California at Las Angeles, USA Ilya V. Gaiduk United Nations Educational, Scientific and Laird M. Easton Cultural Organization, Russia California State University, USA Oded Galor Jean-Frant;:ois Eck Brown University, USA Universite Charles de Gaulle - Lille 3, France Karina Galperin Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, Argentina Andreas Eckert Humboldt Universităt zu Berlin, Germany Arlette Gautier Universite de Brest, France Pieter Emmer Universiteit Leiden, The Netherlands Sandra Gayol Universidad Nacional de General Clive Emsley Sarmiento, Argentina The Open University, UK Didier Georgakakis Shane Ewen Universite de Strasbourg Robert Schuman, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK France Stefano Fait David Gerlach University of St Andrews, UK University of Pittsburgh, USA Giovanni Federico Karl Gerth European University Institute, Italy University of Oxford, USA Olivier Feiertag Michael Geyer Universite de Rouen, France University of Chicago, USA Andreas Fickers Jessica C. E. Gienow-Hecht Universiteit Maastricht, foharzn Wolfgang Goethe-Universităt The Netherlands Frankfurt/Main, Germarzy Robert Fitzgerald Petra Goedde Royal Holloway, University of London, UK Temple University, USA x List of Contributors Marisa Gonzalez de Oleaga Christiane Harzig Universidad Nacional de Educaci6n a Arizona State University, USA Distancia, Spain Pierre-Cyrille Hautcoeur David Goodman Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences University of Melboume, Australia Sociales, France Timothy Gorringe Johan Heilbron University of Exeter, UK Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France Christopher Goto-Jones Universiteit Leiden, Hans Heiss The Netherlands Universităt Innsbruck, Austria Gabriele Gottlieb Madeleine Herren Grand Valley State University, USA Ruprecht-Karls-Universităt Heidelberg, Germany Harrison Grafos University of Pittsburgh, USA Winton Higgins University of Technology Sydney, Australia Julie Greene University of Maryland, USA Neville Hoad University of Texas at Austin, USA Raymond Grew University of Michigan, USA Dirk Hoerder Arizona State University, USA Bernd-Stefan Grewe Universităt Konstanz, Germany Eri Hotta Independent scholar, USA J. Bishop Grewell Politica[ Economy Research Center, USA Peter Hough Middlesex University, UK Tom Griffiths Australian National University, Guy Houvenaghel Australia Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium Nicolas Guilhot Elisabeth Hsu Social Science Research Council, USA University of Oxford, UK Nicolas Guirimand Madeline Y. Hsu Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences University of Texas at Austin, USA Sociales, France Michael Huberman Kolleen M. Guy Universite de Montreal, Canada University of Texas at San Antonio, USA Tobias Hiibinette Jane L. Guyer Multicultural Centre, Sweden Johns Hopkins University, USA Jonathan Hyslop Cindy Hahamovitch University of The Witwatersrand, College of William and Mary, USA South Africa Peter L. Hahn Akira Iriye Ohio State University, USA Harvard University, USA Jean-Louis Halperin Ruud Janssens Ecole Normale Superieure, France Universiteit van Amsterdam, jessica L. Harland-Jacobs The Netherlands University of Florida, USA Laurent jeanpierre Stephen L. Harp Universite Paris XII- Val de Mame, University ofA kron, USA France

Description:
"The Palgrave Dictionary of Transnational History is written by over 350 authors from 25 countries and numerous subject disciplines. They share the belief that modern world history must be understood, not simply as a sum of national histories or a chronical of inter-state affairs, but also as a stor
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