The Organization of Global Negotiations: Constructing the Climate Change Regime

271 Pages·2005·0.971 MB·English

by  Joanna Depledge

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The Organization of Global Negotiations i
The Organization of Global
Negotiations: Constructing the
Climate Change Regime
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The Organization of Global Negotiations iii
The Organization of Global
Negotiations: Constructing the
Climate Change Regime
Joanna Depledge
London • Sterling, VA
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iv The Organization of Global Negotiations
First published by Earthscan in the UK and USA in 2005
Copyright © Joanna Depledge, 2005
ISBN: 1-84407-046-8 hardback
Typesetting by FiSH Books
Printed and bound in the UK by Bath Press, Bath
Cover design by Danny Gillespie
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Depledge, Joanna.
The organization of international negotiations: constructing the climate
change regime/Joanna Depledge.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-84407-046-8 (hardback)
1. Climatic changes – International cooperation. 2. Environmental policy –
International cooperation. I. Title
QC981.8.C5D43 2005
363.738’75526–dc22
2004024.817
Printed on elemental chlorine-free paper
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The Organization of Global Negotiations v
Source: © Lawrence Moore
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The Organization of Global Negotiations vii
Contents
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes x
Acknowledgements xii
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii
1 Introduction 1
2 The Organization of Global Negotiations 5
Introduction 5
The fundamentals of negotiations 5
Global intergovernmental negotiations: challenges 6
The organization of global negotiations 14
Summary and concluding remarks 17
3 The Challenges of the Climate Change Negotiations 18
Introduction 18
The climate change problem 18
The climate change negotiations and the climate change regime 21
The challenges of the climate change negotiations 26
The organization of the climate change negotiations 32
Summary and concluding remarks 34
4 Presiding Officers 35
Introduction 35
Mandate, functions and appointment 35
The roles of presiding officers 41
Skills and qualities 48
Summary and concluding remarks 53
5 Bureaux 54
Introduction 54
Composition 54
Mandate and functions 56
Informal roles 57
Skills and qualities 60
Summary and concluding remarks 60
6 The Secretariat 62
Introduction 62
Institutional arrangements 62
Mandate and functions 64
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The secretariat’s two masters 65
Supplying organizational energy to the negotiations 70
Summary and concluding remarks 77
7 Rules for the Conduct of Business 80
Introduction 80
Key rules and informal practices 80
Functions of rules and informal practices 81
Procedure as strategy 84
Putting the rules into practice 85
Summary and concluding remarks 90
8 Decision-making Rules 91
Introduction 91
Consensus and its contested meaning 91
The impact of the consensus imperative 94
Overcoming the threat of procedural blockage 96
Summary and concluding remarks 102
9 Negotiating Arenas 104
Introduction 104
The climate change institutions 105
Formal open arenas: plenary meetings and variants 106
Informal arenas: informal groups and informal consultations 113
Friends groups and shuttle diplomacy 122
Unofficial negotiations 132
The deal-making arena 134
Summary and concluding remarks 135
10 Complementary Forums: Workshops, Roundtables and
Others 137
Introduction 137
Workshops and roundtables 137
Side events and ad hoc meetings 143
Summary and concluding remarks 144
11 Texts 145
Introduction 145
Documentation in the climate change regime 146
The development of texts in the climate change negotiations 147
The raw material: miscellaneous documents 149
Precursor texts 151
Single negotiating texts 152
Chair’s texts 156
The final negotiating texts 163
Summary and concluding remarks 164
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Contents ix
12 Time Management 171
Introduction 171
Duration 171
The use of time 175
Time management in the Kyoto Protocol negotiations 179
Time management in the post-Kyoto negotiations 183
Negotiation by exhaustion 190
Summary and concluding remarks 193
13 The Political and the Technical: Ministerial Input 194
Introduction 194
The high-level segment 194
The general debate 195
Roundtable forums 197
Direct participation 201
Summary and concluding remarks 207
14 Participation by Non-governmental Organizations 209
Introduction 209
NGOs and the climate change regime 209
Rules for admission 212
Channels for participation 216
Side events and exhibits 226
Unofficial vehicles 229
Summary and concluding remarks 230
15 Conclusions: Twelve Key Insights 231
Notes 237
References 243
Index 253
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List of Figures, Tables and Boxes
Figures
3.1 The basic institutional structure of the climate change regime 22
3.2 International treaty-making: A model for global democracy 29
Tables
3.1 The three main phases of the climate change negotiations 27
4.1 COP presidents to date 38
4.2 Chairs of the SBSTA and SBI to date 40
9.1 Main types of negotiating arenas in the climate change regime 105
9.2 Working bodies of the COP 111
9.3 Key friends groups convened under the COP or AGBM in the
climate change regime up to the adoption of the Marrakesh Accords 126
11.1 Official and semi-official documentation of the climate change
regime 148
11.2 The textual development process 149
11.3 Textual development of the Kyoto Protocol negotiations 166
11.4 Textual development on the package of key political issues in the
post-Kyoto negotiations, resulting in the Bonn Agreements 167
11.5 Textual development on the flexibility mechanisms in the post-
Kyoto negotiations, resulting in the Marrakesh Accords 168
11.6 Textual development on compliance in the post-Kyoto negotiations,
resulting in the Marrakesh Accords 169
11.7 Textual development on LULUCF in the post-Kyoto negotiations,
resulting in the Marrakesh Accords 170
12.1 Comparison of duration with other environmental negotiations 172
13.1 Ministerial roundtables held in the climate change regime 202
14.1 Statements made by NGOs at COP sessions 220
14.2 Extract from the daily programme of meetings for
Wednesday 10 December 2003 at COP 9 227
Boxes
3.1 Key elements of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change 21
3.2 Key elements of the Kyoto Protocol 24
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List of Figures, Tables and Boxes xi
3.3 Major coalitions in the climate change regime and their basic
positions 30
7.1 Funding for participation 83
8.1 The ‘almost vote’ 99
9.1 Informal plenary meetings 108
9.2 Making up for the failure of COP 6: The open-ended informal
high-level consultations in Scheveningen, the Netherlands,
June 2001 125
10.1 Complementary forums 139
10.2 The AGBM roundtables 141