The Norton Introduction to Philosophy PDF
Preview The Norton Introduction to Philosophy
The Norton Introduction to P h i l o s o P h y 00_NIP_93220_FM_i_xxviii.indd 1 15/12/14 9:33 AM 00_NIP_93220_FM_i_xxviii.indd 2 15/12/14 9:33 AM The Norton Introduction to P h i l o s o P h y GIdeoN RoseN Princeton University Alex ByRNe Massachusetts Institute of Technology JoshuA CoheN Apple University seANA VAleNTINe shIffRIN University of California, Los Angeles B W. W. NoRToN & CompANy, INC. New York • London 00_NIP_93220_FM_i_xxviii.indd 3 15/12/14 9:33 AM W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton first published lectures delivered at the People’s Institute, the adult education division of New York City’s Cooper Union. The firm soon expanded its program beyond the Institute, publishing books by celebrated academics from America and abroad. By midcentury, the two major pillars of Norton’s publishing program—trade books and college texts—were firmly established. In the 1950s, the Norton family transferred control of the company to its employees, and today—with a staff of four hundred and a comparable number of trade, college, and professional titles published each year—W. W. Norton & Company stands as the largest and oldest publishing house owned wholly by its employees. Copyright © 2015 by W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First Edition Editor: Peter J. Simon Associate Editor: Quynh Do Project Editor: Diane Cipollone Editorial Assistant: Gerra Goff Managing Editor, College: Marian Johnson Managing Editor, College Digital Media: Kim Yi Production Manager: Vanessa Nuttry Electronic Media Editor: Cliff Landesman Marketing Manager, Philosophy: Michael Moss Design Director: Hope Miller Goodell Permissions Manager: Megan Jackson Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Manufacturing: Quad/Graphics-Taunton Permission to use copyrighted material is included on page 1125. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Norton introduction to philosophy / Gideon Rosen, Princeton University; Alex Byrne, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Joshua Cohen, Stanford University; Seana Valentine Shiffrin, University of California, Los Angeles.—First Edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-393-93220-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Philosophy—Textbooks. I. Rosen, Gideon A., editor. II. Byrne, Alex, 1960- editor. III. Cohen, Joshua, 1951- editor. IV. Shiffrin, Seana Valentine, editor. BD21.N67 2015 100—dc23 2014046330 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110 wwnorton.com W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., Castle House, 75/76 Wells Street, London W1T 3QT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 00_NIP_93220_FM_i_xxviii.indd 4 15/12/14 9:33 AM Contents Preface xix Acknowledgments xxiv pART I phIlosophy of RelIGIoN 1 does God exist? 3 Introduction 3 ANselm of CANTeRBuRy, The ontological Argument, from Proslogion 8 Test Your Understanding 9 Notes and Questions 10 ThomAs AquINAs, The five Ways, from Summa Theologica 11 Test Your Understanding 14 Notes and Questions 14 WIllIAm l. RoWe, The problem of evil and some Varieties of Atheism 15 Test Your Understanding 23 Notes and Questions 23 WIllIAm pAley, The Argument from design, from Natural Theology 24 Test Your Understanding 32 Notes and Questions 32 JohN sTuART mIll, Theism, from Three Essays on Religion 33 Test Your Understanding 42 Notes and Questions 42 v 00_NIP_93220_FM_i_xxviii.indd 5 15/12/14 9:33 AM vi CoNTeNTs RoGeR WhITe, The Argument from Cosmological fine-Tuning 43 Test Your Understanding 50 Notes and Questions 50 Analyzing the Arguments 51 2 Is it Reasonable to Believe without evidence? 54 Introduction 54 BlAIse pAsCAl, The Wager, from Pensées 59 Test Your Understanding 62 Notes and Questions 62 AlAN háJek, pascal’s ultimate Gamble 65 Test Your Understanding 76 Notes and Questions 76 WIllIAm JAmes, The Will to Believe 76 Test Your Understanding 85 Notes and Questions 85 AlVIN plANTINGA, Is Belief in God properly Basic? 86 Test Your Understanding 94 Notes and Questions 94 Analyzing the Arguments 96 pART II epIsTemoloGy 3 What Is knowledge? 99 Introduction 99 plATo, meno 103 Test Your Understanding 107 Notes and Questions 108 edmuNd GeTTIeR, Is Justified True Belief knowledge? 108 Test Your Understanding 111 Notes and Questions 111 00_NIP_93220_FM_i_xxviii.indd 6 15/12/14 9:33 AM Contents vii GIlBeRT hARmAN, evidence one does Not possess, from Thought 112 Test Your Understanding 118 Notes and Questions 118 lINdA TRINkAus ZAGZeBskI, The Inescapability of Gettier problems 119 Test Your Understanding 124 Notes and Questions 124 TImoThy WIllIAmsoN, knowledge and Belief 124 Test Your Understanding 130 Notes and Questions 130 Analyzing the Arguments 131 4 how Can We know about What We have Not observed? 133 Introduction 133 dAVId hume, sceptical doubts Concerning the operations of the understanding, and sceptical solution of these doubts, from An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Sections IV–V 141 Test Your Understanding 149 Notes and Questions 149 p. f. sTRAWsoN, The “Justification” of Induction, from Introduction to Logical Theory 151 Test Your Understanding 159 Notes and Questions 159 kARl poppeR, The problem of Induction, from Replies to My Critics 160 Test Your Understanding 170 Notes and Questions 170 NelsoN GoodmAN, The New Riddle of Induction, from Fact, Fiction, and Forecast 171 Test Your Understanding 180 Notes and Questions 180 GIlBeRT hARmAN, The Inference to the Best explanation 182 Test Your Understanding 188 Notes and Questions 188 Analyzing the Arguments 190 00_NIP_93220_FM_i_xxviii.indd 7 15/12/14 9:33 AM viii CoNTeNTs 5 how Can We know What Causes What? 192 Introduction 192 dAVId hume, of the Idea of Necessary Connexion, from An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding 197 Test Your Understanding 204 Notes and Questions 204 susANNA sIeGel, The Visual experience of Causation 205 Test Your Understanding 213 Notes and Questions 213 JohN sTuART mIll, The method of difference, from System of Logic 215 Test Your Understanding 222 Notes and Questions 222 Ned hAll, Causation and Correlation 223 Test Your Understanding 234 Notes and Questions 234 Analyzing the Arguments 235 6 how Can you know your own mind, or the mind of Another person? 237 Introduction 237 AleC hyslop ANd fRANk CAmeRoN JACksoN, The Analogical Inference to other minds 243 Test Your Understanding 253 Notes and Questions 253 sAul kRIpke, Wittgenstein and other minds, from Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language 253 Test Your Understanding 260 Notes and Questions 260 mAuRICe meRleAu-poNTy, man seen from the outside, from The World of Perception 260 Test Your Understanding 265 Notes and Questions 265 d. m. ARmsTRoNG, Introspection, from A Materialist Theory of the Mind 265 Test Your Understanding 273 Notes and Questions 273 00_NIP_93220_FM_i_xxviii.indd 8 15/12/14 9:33 AM Contents ix GIlBeRT Ryle, self-knowledge, from The Concept of Mind 274 Test Your Understanding 282 Notes and Questions 282 Alex ByRNe, skepticism about the Internal World 282 Test Your Understanding 290 Notes and Questions 291 Analyzing the Arguments 292 7 how Can We know about the external World? 294 Introduction 294 ReNé desCARTes, meditation I: What Can Be Called into doubt, from Meditations on First Philosophy 299 Test Your Understanding 303 Notes and Questions 303 dAVId hume, of scepticism with Regard to the senses, from A Treatise of Human Nature 304 Test Your Understanding 312 Notes and Questions 312 GeoRGe edWARd mooRe, proof of an external World 312 Test Your Understanding 318 Notes and Questions 318 sTeWART CoheN, Contextualism 318 Test Your Understanding 326 Notes and Questions 327 JoNAThAN VoGel, skepticism and Inference to the Best explanation 328 Test Your Understanding 335 Notes and Questions 335 RAe lANGToN, Ignorance of Things in Themselves 335 Test Your Understanding 345 Notes and Questions 345 Analyzing the Arguments 346 00_NIP_93220_FM_i_xxviii.indd 9 15/12/14 9:33 AM
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