The Nature and Behavior of Grain Boundaries: A Symposium held at the TMS-AIME Fall Meeting in Detroit, Michigan, October 18–19, 1971

441 Pages·1995·13.09 MB·English

by  G. Hasson

THE NATURE
AND BEHAVIOR OF
GRAIN BOUNDARIES
The Metallurgical Society of AI ME Proceedings
published by Plenum Press
1968-Refractory Metal Alloys: Metallurgy and Technology
Edited by I. Machlin, R. T. Begley, and E. D. Weisert
1969-Research in Dental and Medical Materials
Edited by Edward KorostotJ
1969-Developments in the Structural Chemistry of Alloy Phases
Edited by B. C. Giessen
1970-Corrosion by Liquid Metals
Edited by I. E. Draley
1971-Metal Forming: Interrelation Between Theory and Practice
Edited by A. L. H offmanner
1972-The Nature and Behavior of Grain Boundaries
Edited by Hsun Hu
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A Publication of the Metallurgical Society of A/ME
THE NATURE
AND BEHAVIOR OF
GRAIN BOUNDARIES
A Symposium held at the TMS-AIME FaIl Meeting in Detroit, Michigan,
October 18-19, 1971
Edited by
HsunHu
Research Laboratory
United States Steel Corporation
Monroeville, Pennsylvania
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PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK·LONDON • 1972
© 1972 American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and
Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1972
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 72-81907
ISBN 978-1-4757-0183-8 ISBN 978-1-4757-0181-4 (eBook)
DOl 10.1007/978-1-4757-0181-4
Plenum Press is a division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011
United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London
A division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd.
Davis House (4th Floor), 8 Scrubs Lane, Harlesden, London,
NWIO 6SE, England
PREFACE
In view of the dramatically increased interest in the study
of grain boundaries during the past few years, the Physical Metal
lurgy Committee of The Institute of Metals Division of The Metal
lurgical Society, AIME, sponsored a four-session symposium on the
NATURE AND BEHAVIOR OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES, at the TMS-AIME Fall
Meeting in Detroit, Michigan, October 18-19, 1971. The main ob
jectives of this symposium were to examine the more recent develop
ments, theoretical and experimental, in our understanding of grain
boundaries, and to stimulate further studies in these and related
areas. This volume contains most of the papers presented at the
Symposium. It is regrettable that space limitations allow the
inclusion of only four of the unsolicited papers, in addition to
thirteen invited papers. The papers are grouped into three sections
according to their major content: STRUCTURE OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES,
ENERGETICS OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES, and GRAIN BOUNDARY MOTION AND
RELATED PHENOMENA.
Grain boundaries, or crystal interfaces, have been of both
academic and practical interest for many years. An early seminar
on "Metal Interfaces" was documented in 1952 by ASM. The Fourth
Metallurgical Colloquium held in France, 1960, had a broad coverage
on "Properties of Grain Boundaries". More recently the Australian
Institute of Metals sponsored a conference on interfaces, with the
proceedings being published by Butterworths in 1969. The most re
cent symposium was the "International Conference on the Structure
and Properties of Grain Boundaries and Interfaces" held at the IBM
Watson Research Center in August 1971. In contrast to these pre
vious conferences, the present Symposium was devoted solely to the
nature and behavior of grain boundaries or interfaces between cry
stals of the same phase. In consideration of the high degree of
complexity of grain boundaries and of the rapid expansion of re
search findings in this area, the specific scope of the Symposium
was considered appropriate and timely.
Much of the recent progress in the knowledge of grain bound
aries has arisen from successful applications of new techniques.
v
vi PREFACE
These include electron transmission microscopy, computer calcula
tion or simulation and, to a still limited extent, field-ion micro
scopy. These have greatly facilitated the direct examination or
determination of the structure of grain boundaries. A great deal
of information on the nature of grain boundaries has also been
deduced from investigations of grain boundary properties (such as
energy, mobility, diffusion, anisotropy, etc.). The introduction
of disclination models to grain boundaries of metals, and the con
cept of phase transformations of grain boundaries may stimulate
future studies.
Despite these recent developments, our current knowledge of
grain boundaries is inadequate. As is well known, grain boundaries
are vacancy sinks, and are highly susceptible to impurity segre
gation which have profound effects on the properties of boundaries.
Additional studies of the interaction of these foreign species with
grain boundaries, and their influence on the properties or behavior
of the boundaries would be of great interest. Most investigations
on the structure of grain boundaries have heretofore dealt prin
cipally with equilibrium or minimum energy configurations, but
their observations may not represent the characteristics of a
boundary in motion. The solution of these and other problems
must await further developments.
Several members of the Committee, in particular, N.S. Stoloff,
J.F. Breedis and M.F. Ashby, assisted in the planning of the Sym
posium. J.W. Cahn made helpful suggestions regarding the program.
The four sessions of the Symposium were capably managed by the
Session Chairmen: K.T. Aust, M.F. Ashby, G.F. Bolling and P.G.
Shewmon. To all these members sincere appreciation is hereby ex
tended. The cooperation of the authors and the enthusiasm of the
Plenum Press, which made this publication possible, are sincerely
acknowledged.
Hsun Hu
Program Chairman and Editor
Research Laboratory
U.S. Steel Corporation
Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146
March 1, 1972
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
T. R. Anthony, Research and Development Center, General Electric
Company, Schenectady, New York
R. W. Balluffi, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
J. R. Beeler, Jr., North Carolina State University, Raleigh,
North Carolina
M. Biscondi, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne,
Saint-Etienne, France
G. H. Bishop, Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center,
Watertown, Massachusetts
R. D. Bourquin, Battelle-Northwest, Richland, Washington
G. A. Bruggeman, Army Materials and Mechanics Research Center,
Watertown, Massachusetts
H. E. Cline, Research and Development Center, General Electric
Company, Schenectady, New York
R. E. Dahl Jr., WADCO Corporation, Richland, Washington
F. M. d'Heurle, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown
Heights, New York
A. Gangulee, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown
Heights, New York
M. E. Glicksman, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D. C.
C. Goux, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne,
Saint-Etienne, France
vii
viii CONTRIBUTORS
E. A. Grey, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Illinois
Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
Edward W. Hart, Research and Development Center, General Electric
Company, Schenectady, New York
W. H. Hartt, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida
G. Hasson, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne,
Saint-Etienne, France
G. T. Higgins, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Illinois
Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois
R. J. Horylev Department of Materials Science, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, California
Hsun Hu, Research Laboratory, United States Steel Corporation,
Monroeville, Pennsylvania
Y. Komem, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
P. Lagarde, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne,
Saint-Etienne, France
J. Levy, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne,
Saint-Etienne, France
J. C. M. Li, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Sciences,
University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
Y. C. Liu, Scientific Research Staff, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn,
Michigan
K. LUcke, Institut fUr Allgemeine Metallkunde und Metallphysik,
Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany
L. E. Murr, Department of Materials Science, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, California
J. P. Nielsen, New York University, New York
B. B. Rath, McDonnell-Douglas Research Laboratory, St. Louis,
Missouri
R. Rixen, Institut fUr Allgemeine Metallkunde und Metallphysik,
Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany
F. W. Rosenbaum, Institut fUr Allgemeine Metallkunde und
Metallphysik, Technische Hochschule, Aachen, Germany
CONTRIBUTORS ix
R. Rosenberg, IBM Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights,
New York
L. P. Stone, Anaconda American Brass, Waterbury, Connecticut
R. A. Vandermeer, Metals and Ceramics Division, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
c. L. Void, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D. C.
G. R. Woolhouse, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
CONTENTS
PREFACE • v
STRUCTURE OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES
STRUCTURE OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES - THEORETICAL
DETERMINATION AND EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS 3
G. Hasson, M. Biscondi, p. Lagarde,
J. Levy, and C. Goux
ON GRAIN BOUNDARY DISLOCATION CONTRAST IN
THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE 41
R. W. Balluffi, G. R. Woolhouse, and
Y. Komem
SOME PROPERTIES OF THE DISCLINATION STRUCTURE
OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES 71
J. C. M. Li
COINCIDENCE AND NEAR-COINCIDENCE GRAIN
BOUNDARIES IN HCP METALS 83
G. A. Bruggeman, G. H. Bishop, and
W. H. Hartt
COMPUTER SIMULATION OF ASYMMETRIC GRAIN BOUNDARIES
AND THEIR INTERACTION WITH VACANCIES AND CARBON
IMPURITY ATOMS • 123
R. E. Dahl, Jr., J. R. Beeler, Jr., and
R. D. Bourquin
ENERGETICS OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES
GRAIN BOUNDARY PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS 155
E. W. Hart
BEHAVIOR OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES NEAR THE MELTING
POINT • 171
C. L. VoId and M. E. Glicksman