The Multi-Messenger Approach to High-Energy Gamma-Ray Sources PDF
Preview The Multi-Messenger Approach to High-Energy Gamma-Ray Sources
Josep M. Paredes Olaf Reimer Diego F. Torres Editors The Multi-Messenger Approach to High-Energy Gamma-Ray Sources Third Workshop on the Nature of Unidentifi ed High-Energy Sources (cid:2) (cid:3)(cid:4) • • Josep M. Paredes Olaf Reimer Diego F. Torres Editors Astrophysics and Space Science The Multi-Messenger Approach to High-Energy Gamma-Ray Sources Third Workshop on the Nature of Unidentified High-Energy Sources Reprinted from Astrophysics and Space Science Volume 309, Nos. 1–4, 2007 JosepM.Paredes OlafReimer Dep.Astronomia W.W.HansenExperimentalPhysics Fac.Fisicia Laboratory&KavliInstituteforParticle MartiiFranques1 AstrophysicsandCosmology 08028,Barcelona StanfordUniversity Spain CA94305-4085 USA DiegoF.Torres InstituciódeL’espai(IEEC-CSIC) FacultatdeCiencies UniversitatAutònomadeBarcelona TorreC5Parell 2aplanta 08193Barcelona Spain Coverillustration:TheCrabNebulaasseenbytheHubbleSpaceTelescope,anartisticviewofamicroquasar,andacascadeofahigh-energyparticle fromaquasarjetenteringtheEarthatmosphere.TheinstrumentsareimagingatmosphericCherenkovtelescopes,submarineneutrinodetectors,andthe gamma-raysatelliteGLAST. AstronomySubjectsClassification(2007):SCP22006Astronomy,AstrophysicsandCosmology;SCP22014Astronomy;SCP22022Astrophysics LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2007930648 ISBN:978-1-4020-6117-2 e-ISBN:978-1-4020-6118-9 Printedonacid-freepaper. ©2007SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC.Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewritten permission ofthepublisher (Springer Science+BusinessMedia,LLC.,233 Spring Street,NewYork, NY10013, USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsin connectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Useinconnectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computer software,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyarenotidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasan expressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubjecttoproprietaryrights. 987654321 springer.com Contents JosepM.Paredes,OlafReimerandDiegoF.Torres/Preface 1 MalcolmLongair/Prologue 3–4 Session1:GlobalPropertiesofGamma-RaySources RolandWalter/NewINTEGRALsourcesandTeVemission 5–9 StefanFunk/StatusofidentificationofVHEγ-raysources 11–16 Diego F. Torres, Shu Zhang, Olaf Reimer, Xavier Barcons, Amalia Corral, Valentí Bosch-Ramon, Josep M. Paredes, Gustavo E. Romero, Jin Qu, Werner Collmar, Volker Schönfelder and Yousaf Butt / INTEGRAL/XMMviewsontheMeVsourceGROJ1411-64 17–21 ShuZhangandWernerCollmar/EvidenceforanewMeVsourceobservedbytheCOMPTELexperiment aboardCGRO 23–27 R. Mukherjee, E.V. Gotthelf and J.P. Halpern / Transient X-ray sources in the field of the unidentified gamma-raysourceTeVJ2032+4130inCygnus 29–33 A.W.Strong/SourcepopulationsynthesisandtheGalacticdiffusegamma-rayemission 35–41 Jennifer M. Siegal-Gaskins, Vasiliki Pavlidou, Angela V. Olinto, Carolyn Brown and Brian D. Fields / PopulationstudiesoftheunidentifiedEGRETsources 43–49 Analía N. Cillis, Olaf Reimer and Diego F. Torres / Gamma-ray source stacking analysis at low galactic latitudes 51–55 OlafReimerandDiegoF.Torres/Identificationofhighenergygamma-raysourcesandsourcepopulations intheeraofdeepall-skycoverage 57–62 Session2:ExtragalacticSources PaoloPadovani/Theblazarsequence:validityandpredictions 63–71 Takuro Narumoto and Tomonori Totani / Gamma-ray luminosity function of blazars and the cosmic gamma-raybackground:evidencefortheluminosity-dependentdensityevolution 73–79 Vasiliki Pavlidou, Jennifer M. Siegal-Gaskins, Carolyn Brown, Brian D. Fields and Angela V. Olinto / UnidentifiedEGRETsourcesandtheextragalacticgamma-raybackground 81–87 CarlottaPittori,ElisabettaCavazzuti,SergioColafrancescoandPaoloGiommi/Blazarduty-cycleatγ-ray frequencies: constraints from extragalactic background radiation and prospects for AGILE and GLAST 89–94 MarkusBöttcher/Modelingtheemissionprocessesinblazars 95–104 Julian Sitarek and Wlodek Bednarek / Internal absorption of gamma-rays in relativistic blobs of active galacticnuclei 105–109 D. Bose, V.R. Chitnis, P.R. Vishwanath, P. Majumdar, M.A. Rahman, B.B. Singh, A.C. Gupta and B.S. Acharya/ObservationsofAGNsusingPACT 111–117 FrankM.Rieger,ValentíBosch-RamonandPeterDuffy/Fermiaccelerationinastrophysicaljets 119–125 CharlesD.Dermer/High-energycosmology 127–137 MatthiasBeilicke/HESSobservationsofextragalacticobjects 139–145 D.Pérez-Ramírez,J.R.Sánchez-Sutil,A.Muñoz-Arjonilla,J.Martí,J.L.GarridoandP.Luque-Escamilla/ FIRSTradiocounterpartcandidatestoULXs:acatalogue 147–150 ShokoMiyake,ShoheiYanagitaandTatsuoYoshida/Numericalstudiesonthestructureofthecosmicray electronhaloinstarburstgalaxies 151–155 EvgenyV.Derishev/Synchrotronemissioninthefastcoolingregime:whichspectracanbeexplained? 157–161 SandipK.ChakrabartiandSamirMandal/Spectralpropertiesofshockedaccretionflows—aself-consistent study 163–166 PaulDempseyandPeterDuffy/Particleaccelerationatmultipleinternalrelativisticshocks 167–171 Saša Simic´, Luka Cˇ. Popovic´, Michael I. Andersen and Lise Christensen / Mechanism of light curve variabilityinthegammaraybursts 173–177 Session3:Pulsars,PWNandIsolatedNeutronStars W.Bednarek/Highenergyprocessesinpulsarwindnebulae 179–187 D.Horns,F.Aharonian,A.I.D.HoffmannandA.Santangelo/Nucleonicgamma-rayproductioninpulsar windnebulae 189–195 YvesA.Gallant/Associationsofveryhighenergygamma-raysourcesdiscoveredbyH.E.S.S.withpulsar windnebulae 197–202 Olaf Reimer and Stefan Funk / Demystifying an unidentified EGRET source by VHE gamma-ray observations 203–207 N. La Palombara, R.P. Mignani, E. Hatziminaoglou, M. Schirmer, G.F. Bignami and P. Caraveo / Multiwavelength observations of the two unidentified EGRET sources 3EG J0616-3310 and 3EG J1249-8330 209–213 A.I.D.Hoffmann,D.HornsandA.Santangelo/INTEGRALobservationsofTeVplerions 215–219 AliceK.Harding,IsabelleA.GrenierandPeterL.Gonthier/TheGemingafraction 221–230 ŁukaszBratekandMarcinKolonko/Analgorithmforsolvingthepulsarequation 231–234 MassimilianoRazzano/PulsarsimulationtoolsforGLAST 235–239 MassimilianoRazzanoandAliceK.Harding/PulsarsensitivitystudiesoftheGLASTlargeareatelescope 241–244 PeterL.Gonthier,SarahA.Story,BrianD.ClowandAliceK.Harding/Populationstatisticsstudyofradio andgamma-raypulsarsintheGalacticplane 245–251 AndriiNeronovandMariaChernyakova/Radio-to-TeVγ-rayemissionfromPSRB1259–63 253–259 DmitryKhangulyan,SlavomirHnaticandFelixAharonian/Modulationofthehighenergyγ-rayfluxfrom PSRB1259-63/SS2883duetotheorbitalvariationofthemaximumenergyofacceleratedelectrons 261–265 Session4:MicroquasarsandGalacticBlackHoleSources I.F.Mirabel/Gamma-raybinaries 267–270 FrankM.Rieger/Supermassivebinaryblackholesamongcosmicgamma-raysources 271–275 MathieudeNaurois/H.E.S.S.observationsofLS5039 277–284 JavierRico/ResultsfromMAGIC’sfirstobservationcycleongalacticsources 285–291 P.Goldoni,M.Ribó,T.DiSalvo,J.M.Paredes,V.Bosch-RamonandM.Rupen/INTEGRALserendipitous detectionofthegamma-raymicroquasarLS5039 293–297 A. Smith, R.W. Atkins, S. Bradbury, O. Celik, Y.C.K. Chow, P. Cogan, C. Dowdall, S.J. Fegan, P. Fortin, D. Gall, G.H. Gillanders, J. Grube, K.J. Gutierrez, T.A. Hall, D. Hanna, J. Holder, D. Horan, S.B. Hughes, T.B. Humensky, I. Jung, P. Kaaret, G. Kenny, M. Kertzman, D.B. Kieda, A. Konopelko, H.Krawczynski,F.Krennrich,M.J.Lang,S.LeBohec,G.Maier,J.Millis,P.Moriarty,R.A.Ong, J.S.Perkins,K.Ragan,G.H.Sembroski,J.A.Toner,L.Valcarcel,V.V.Vassiliev,R.G.Wagner,S.P. Wakely,T.C.Weekes,R.J.WhiteandD.A.Williams/WhippletelescopeobservationsofLSI+61 303:2004–2006 299–303 Samir Mandal and Sandip K. Chakrabarti / Spectral fit of Cygnus X-1 in high energy—a self-consistent study 305–308 J. Martí, D. Pérez-Ramírez, P. Luque-Escamilla, J.L. Garrido, J.M. Paredes, A. Muñoz-Arjonilla and J.R. Sánchez-Sutil/ThesearchforhotspotsassociatedwiththeCygnusX-3relativisticjet 309–313 GloriaSala,JochenGreiner,EugenioBottaciniandFrankHaberl/Theblack-holecandidateXTEJ1817-330 asseenbyXMM-NewtonandINTEGRAL 315–319 ValentíBosch-Ramon/Theoreticaloverviewonhigh-energyemissioninmicroquasars 321–331 M.OrellanaandG.E.Romero/High-energygamma-rayemissionfromtheinnerjetofLSI+61303:the hadroniccontributionrevisited 333–338 P.Bordas,J.M.Paredes,V.Bosch-RamonandM.Orellana/Secondaryleptonssynchrotronemissionfrom microquasarjets 339–343 Session5:Stars,SNRsandMolecularClouds Diego F. Torres and Eva Domingo-Santamaría / Collective effects of stellar winds and unidentified gamma-raysources 345–350 AnitaReimer,OlafReimerandMartinPohl/Gammaraysfromcollidingwindsofmassivestars 351–357 E.OrlandoandA.W.Strong/GammaraysfromhalosaroundstarsandtheSun 359–363 StefanoGabici,FelixA.AharonianandPasqualeBlasi/Gammaraysfrommolecularclouds 365–371 AlbertoCarramiñana/3EGJ2020+4017,theγ-Cygnisource—beforeGLAST 373–378 M. Lemoine-Goumard, F. Aharonian, D. Berge, B. Degrange, D. Hauser, N. Komin, O. Reimer and U. Schwanke / Morphological and spectral studies of the shell-type supernova remnants RX J1713.7–3946andRXJ0852.0–4622withH.E.S.S. 379–384 E.G.Berezhko,L.T.KsenofontovandH.J.Völk/Gamma-rayemissionexpectedfromKepler’sSNR 385–388 H.J. Völk, E.G. Berezhko and L.T. Ksenofontov / New evidence for strong nonthermal effects in Tycho’s supernovaremnant 389–394 JorgeA.Combi,JuanF.AlbaceteColombo,GustavoE.RomeroandPaulaBenaglia/HardX-rayemission fromtheSNRG337.2+0.1 395–399 T. Ogasawara, T. Yoshida, S. Yanagita and T. Kifune / A possible explanation of photon emission from supernovaremnantsbyjitterradiation 401–405 Session6:Multi-MessengerConnectionstoGamma-RayAstrophysics FrancisHalzen/Cosmicneutrinosfromthesourcesofgalacticandextragalacticcosmicrays 407–414 C.Distefano/Detectionpotentialtopoint-likeneutrinosourceswiththeNEMO-km3telescope 415–420 MarkusAckermann/Upperlimitsonneutrinofluxesfrompoint-likesourceswithAMANDA-II 421–427 C.Stegmann,A.Kappes,J.HintonandF.Aharonian/Potentialneutrinosignalsinanorthernhemisphere neutrinotelescopefromgalacticgamma-raysources 429–433 M. Amenomori, S. Ayabe, X.J. Bi, D. Chen, S.W. Cui, Danzengluobu, L.K. Ding, X.H. Ding, C.F. Feng, ZhaoyangFeng,Z.Y.Feng,X.Y.Gao,Q.X.Geng,H.W.Guo,H.H.He,M.He,K.Hibino,N.Hotta, HaibingHu,H.B.Hu,J.Huang,Q.Huang,H.Y.Jia,F.Kajino,K.Kasahara,Y.Katayose,C.Kato, K.Kawata,Labaciren,G.M.Le,A.F.Li,J.Y.Li,H.Lu,S.L.Lu,X.R.Meng,K.Mizutani,J.Mu,K. Munakata,A.Nagai,H.Nanjo,M.Nishizawa,M.Ohnishi,I.Ohta,H.Onuma,T.Ouchi,S.Ozawa, J.R. Ren, T. Saito, T.Y. Saito, M. Sakata, T.K. Sako, T. Sasaki, M. Shibata, A. Shiomi, T. Shirai, H.Sugimoto,M.Takita,Y.H.Tan,N.Tateyama,S.Torii,H.Tsuchiya,S.Udo,B.Wang,H.Wang, X. Wang, Y.G. Wang, H.R. Wu, L. Xue, Y. Yamamoto, C.T. Yan, X.C. Yang, S. Yasue, Z.H. Ye, G.C.Yu,A.F.Yuan,T.Yuda,H.M.Zhang,J.L.Zhang,N.J.Zhang,X.Y.Zhang,Y.Zhang,YiZhang, Zhaxisangzhu and X.X. Zhou / Underground water Cherenkov muon detector array with the Tibet airshowerarrayforgamma-rayastronomyinthe100TeVregion 435–439 Gabrielle Lelaizant / Study on the possible detection of Gamma Ray Bursts with the ANTARES neutrino telescope 441–445 M.C. González-García, Michele Maltoni and Joan Rojo / Determination of the atmospheric neutrino flux fromexperimentaldata 447–451 VeniaminBerezinsky/Onoriginofultrahighenergycosmicrays 453–463 StefanoGabiciandFelixA.Aharonian/Gammaraysignaturesofultrahighenergycosmicrayaccelerators: electromagneticcascadeversussynchrotronradiationofsecondaryelectrons 465–469 K. Je¸drzejczak, M. Kasztelan, L. Mankiewicz, M. Molak, K. Nawrocki, L.W. Piotrowski, M. Sokołowski, B.Szabelska,J.Szabelski,T.Wibig,A.W.WolfendaleandG.Wrochna/Searchforcorrelationsof GRBandcosmicrays 471–475 Session7:TheGamma-RayHorizon ManelMartinez/CosmologyandVHEgammarayastrophysics:connectionsandperspectives 477–485 LuigiCostamante/AlowdensityoftheextragalacticbackgroundlightrevealedbytheH.E.S.S.spectraof theBLLacobjects1ES1101-232andH2356-309 487–495 DanielMazin/ObservationsofextragalacticsourceswiththeMAGICtelescope 497–503 Session8:DarkMatterandGamma-RayAstrophysics GianfrancoBertone/Darkmatter:theconnectionwithgamma-rayastrophysics 505–515 EricaBisesi/Theimpactofsubhalosonthegamma-raysignalfromdarkmatterannihilation 517–522 Session9:InstrumentsandFacilitiesforStudyingGamma-RaySources O.Reimer,P.F.Michelson,R.A.Cameron,S.W.Digel,D.J.ThompsonandK.S.Wood/GLASTlargearea telescopemultiwavelengthplanning 523–526 AlbertoCarramiñana,andTheLMT-GTMcollaboration/Unravellingunidentified γ-raysourceswiththe largemillimetertelescope 527–530 M. C´wiok, W. Dominik, K. Małek, L. Mankiewicz, J. Mrowca-Ciułacz, K. Nawrocki, L.W. Piotrowski, P. Sitek, M. Sokołowski, G. Wrochna and A.F. Z˙arnecki / Search for GRB related prompt optical emissionandotherfastvaryingobjectswith“PioftheSky”detector 531–535 G.DiSciascioandT.DiGirolamo/GRBssearchresultswiththeARGO-YBJexperimentoperatedinscaler mode 537–540 Kinya Hibino, Toshisuke Kashiwagi, Shoji Okuno, Kaori Yajima, Yukio Uchihori, Hisashi Kitamura, TakeshiTakashima,MamoruYokotaandKenjiYoshida/ThedesignofdiamondComptontelescope 541–544 AstrophysSpaceSci(2007)309:1 DOI10.1007/s10509-007-9518-4 Preface JosepM.Paredes·OlafReimer·DiegoF.Torres Publishedonline:15May2007 ©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2007 More than one year ago we were pleased to announce the rently being built to scrutinize the sky with these messen- conference “The multi-messenger approach to high energy gers. gamma-ray sources” which was held in Barcelona, Spain, Observationally driven high energy astrophysics thus fromTuesday,July4thtoFriday,July7th,2006.Thisbook callsfordetailedtheoreticalmulti-messengerbasedmodel- collects its refereed proceedings. The conference was at- ing of plausible sources of high energy radiation, for mul- tendedbymorethanahundredscientistsfromadozencoun- tiwavelengthobservations,andfordetailedpopulationstud- tries. ies.Uponthesetopics,thelecturesandlivelydebatesheldat As motivation for such a meeting, and particular for theconferencewentalong,pivotingontheprospectsforthe the multi-messenger approach introduced into the study identification and study of the classes and individual high of high energy gamma-ray sources, we noted that for the energy gamma-ray sources that are still undetected or hid- first time in history, we are on the verge to simultane- denasyetunidentifiedsources. ously observe the most energetic phenomena in the Uni- Thisworkshopcontinuedtheseriesinitiatedbythemeet- verse from radio to TeV photons, cosmic rays, and neutri- ing held at Tonantzintla in October 2000, followed by the nos,withroughlysimilarsensitivityandangularresolution. conference at Hong Kong in May 2004. We have had a The energy band between 20 and 200 GeV will be acces- highly focused, profitable meeting at the frontier of high sible by upcoming satellites (such as GLAST) and already energyastrophysics, witha lotof discussion whereexperts operational ground-based telescopes (such as MAGIC and from different research fields gathered for a 4-days intense HESS). Ultra high energy cosmic ray detections are be- exchange in the Mediterranean environment of the city of ing used to investigate whether they violate the GZK cut- Barcelona.Wehopethatinfuture,thepagesofthisbookwill off imposed by the cosmic background radiation, whether bringalongthescentofthosedays,andmemoriestothose we can identify their origin, or whether we must enlarge whowerepresent,whileaccompanyingallreadersintonew physics by admitting new universal constituents or inter- scientificchallenges. actions. Neutrino astrophysics is reaching at the same time discoverymaturity,whilenewpowerfulequipmentsarecur- Barcelona,November7th,2006 AstrophysSpaceSci(2007)309:3–4 DOI10.1007/s10509-007-9525-5 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Prologue MalcolmLongair Received:5January2007/Accepted:8May2007/Publishedonline:24May2007 ©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2007 Arecurringthemeofthehistoryofastronomy,astrophysics ages of supernova remnants in ultrahigh energy gamma- andcosmologyisthat,everytimeanewwavebandisopened rays produced by the HESS Cherenkov Array in Namibia up for astronomical observation, new and unexpected re- will go instantly into all the text-books. For me, the most sults are found which not only change the perceptions of plausible explanation is that these observations provide di- astronomers, but also point the way to the next generation rect evidence for the acceleration of protons in the shock of challenges for astronomers and technologists. The new waves associated with supernova remnants. The detection insights need to be placed in the broader astronomical per- of gamma-rays from blazars provides not only a challenge spective,whichmayneedtochangeinresponsetothesedis- toidentifytheemissionmechanismwithcertainty,butalso coveries. The proceedings of this conference, “The Multi- provides a powerful tool for setting significant upper lim- MessengerApproachtoHighEnergyGamma-raySources,” its to the intensity of the optical-infrared background radi- provide startling evidence of this process in action in the ation. The continued flood of information on gamma-ray bursts is strongly constraining models for these extraordi- fieldofGamma-rayastronomy. narysourcesofenormousgamma-rayluminosities.Newev- The meeting concerned many different aspects of what idence on the spectrum of the highest energy cosmic rays canbecalledVERYhighenergyastrophysicsinitsbroadest anditsinterpretationsuggeststhattheresolutionofthelong- sense.Muchofthediscussioncentredupondirectmeansof standingdebateovertheinterpretationofthesedatamaybe investigatingsomeofthemostextremephenomenaincon- insight. temporaryastrophysics.Gamma-rayastrophysicswasatthe The organisers of this meeting have emphasised the heartoftheconferenceandthisdisciplinehasbeenreinvig- Multi-messengerApproachtogamma-rayastrophysicsand orated by space missions such as INTEGRAL and SWIFT this wide-ranging vision was fully justified by the diverse and by the ground-based large Cherenkov Arrays such as approaches taken in the reviews and contributed papers. HESS,allofwhicharenowproducingspectacularscience. The astrophysical questions raised by gamma-ray observa- Thesestudiesarecomplementedbynewstudiesofthehigh- tions were clarified and sharpened over the four days of estenergycosmicraysfromthefirstresultsfromtheAuger the meeting and the most fruitful future directions were ArrayinArgentina. laid out. When we talk about the astrophysics of the fu- Thereviewsandpaperspresentedatthisexcellentwork- ture, we mean pushing beyond what we are doing now to shop are mandatory reading for all those interested in high gainunderstandingofmatterandradiationunderreallyex- energyastrophysicalphenomena.Itisunfairtopickoutpar- tremephysicalconditions,whichareinaccessibleinterres- ticular items from the plethora of new results, but I can- trial laboratories. This workshop demonstrated how excit- not resist highlighting a few topics. The wonderful im- ing these areas are with the prospect of new insights into someofthemostchallengingproblemsofcontemporaryas- trophysics. (cid:2) M.Longair( ) Weoweaprofoundvoteofthankstotheorganisers,Josep CavendishLaboratory,UniversityofCambridge, M. Paredes, Olaf Reimer and Diego F. Torres, for bringing JJThomsonAvenue,CambridgeCB30HE,UK togetheradiversegroupofspecialistswhothrashedoutthe e-mail:[email protected] 4 AstrophysSpaceSci(2007)309:3–4 astrophysicalsignificanceofthiswealthofnewobservation. preciatetherichnessoftheseveryhighenergyastrophysical I can thoroughly recommend careful study of the papers studies. containedinthisvolumeintheconfidentbeliefthattheywill stretch the imaginations of readers and enable them to ap- Cambridge,October8th,2006
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