The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences PDF
Preview The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences
T MIT HE E NCYCLOPEDIA COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE OF THE CULTURE, COGNITION, C AND OGNITIVE EVOLUTION S CIENCES LINGUISTICS AND LANGUAGE NEUROSCIENCES PHILOSOPHY EDITED BY PSYCHOLOGY R A. W OBERT ILSON AND F C. K RANK EIL The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences EDITED BY Robert A. Wilson and Frank C. Keil A Bradford Book The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England ª 1999 Massachusetts Institute of Technology All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The MIT encyclopedia of the cognitive sciences / edited by Robert A. Wilson, Frank C. Keil. p. cm. “A Bradford book.” Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-262-73124-X (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Cognitive science—Encyclopedias I. Wilson, Robert A. (Robert Andrew) II. Keil, Frank C., 1952– . BF311.M556 1999 153’.03—dc21 99-11115 CIP To the memory of Henry Bradford Stanton (a.k.a “Harry the hat”), 1921–1997, and to his wife Betty upon her retirement, after twenty-one years with Bradford Books. Harry and Betty were its cofounders and a major force in their own right in the flowering and cross-fertilization of the interdisciplinary cognitive sciences. Contents List of Entries ix Preface xiii Philosophy, Robert A. Wilson xv Psychology, Keith J. Holyoak xxxix Neurosciences, Thomas D. Albright and Helen J. Neville li Computational Intelligence, Michael I. Jordan and Stuart Russell lxxiii Linguistics and Language, Gennaro Chierchia xci Culture, Cognition, and Evolution, Dan Sperber and Lawrence Hirschfeld cxi The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences 1 List of Contributors 901 Name Index 913 Subject Index 933 List of Entries Acquisition, Formal Theories of 1 Cerebellum 110 Adaptation and Adaptationism 3 Cerebral Cortex 111 Affordances 4 Chess, Psychology of 113 Aging and Cognition 6 Chinese Room Argument 115 Aging, Memory, and the Brain 7 Church-Turing Thesis 116 AI and Education 9 Codeswitching 118 Algorithm 11 Cognitive Anthropology 120 Altruism 12 Cognitive Archaeology 122 Ambiguity 14 Cognitive Architecture 124 Amygdala, Primate 15 Cognitive Artifacts 126 Analogy 17 Cognitive Development 128 Anaphora 20 Cognitive Ergonomics 130 Animal Communication 22 Cognitive Ethology 132 Animal Navigation 24 Cognitive Linguistics 134 Animal Navigation, Neural Networks 26 Cognitive Maps 135 Animism 28 Cognitive Modeling, Connectionist 137 Anomalous Monism 30 Cognitive Modeling, Symbolic 141 Aphasia 31 Color Categorization 143 Articulation 33 Color, Neurophysiology of 145 Artifacts and Civilization 35 Color Vision 147 Artificial Life 37 Columns and Modules 148 Attention 39 Comparative Psychology 150 Attention in the Animal Brain 41 Compositionality 152 Attention in the Human Brain 43 Computation 153 Attribution Theory 46 Computation and the Brain 155 Audition 48 Computational Complexity 158 Auditory Attention 50 Computational Learning Theory 159 Auditory Physiology 52 Computational Lexicons 160 Auditory Plasticity 56 Computational Linguistics 162 Autism 58 Computational Neuroanatomy 164 Automata 60 Computational Neuroscience 166 Automaticity 63 Computational Psycholinguistics 168 Autonomy of Psychology 64 Computational Theory Of Mind 170 Bartlett, Frederic Charles 66 Computational Vision 172 Basal Ganglia 67 Computing in Single Neurons 174 Bayesian Learning 70 Concepts 176 Bayesian Networks 72 Conceptual Change 179 Behavior-Based Robotics 74 Conditioning 182 Behaviorism 77 Conditioning and the Brain 184 Bilingualism and the Brain 80 Connectionism, Philosophical Issues 186 Binding by Neural Synchrony 81 Connectionist Approaches to Language 188 Binding Problem 85 Consciousness 190 Binding Theory 86 Consciousness, Neurobiology of 193 Blindsight 88 Constraint Satisfaction 195 Bloomfield, Leonard 90 Context and Point of View 198 Boas, Franz 91 Control Theory 199 Bounded Rationality 92 Cooperation and Competition 201 Brentano, Franz 94 Cortical Localization, History of 203 Broadbent, Donald E. 95 Creativity 205 Broca, Paul 97 Creoles 206 Cajal, Santiago Ramón y 98 Cultural Consensus Theory 208 Case-Based Reasoning and Analogy 99 Cultural Evolution 209 Categorial Grammar 101 Cultural Psychology 211 Categorization 104 Cultural Relativism 213 Causal Reasoning 106 Cultural Symbolism 216 Causation 108 Cultural Variation 217
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