The Mechanobiology and Mechanophysiology of Military-Related Injuries PDF
Preview The Mechanobiology and Mechanophysiology of Military-Related Injuries
Studies in Mechanobiology, Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials 19 Amit Gefen Yoram Epstein E ditors The Mechanobiology and Mechanophysiology of Military-Related Injuries Studies in Mechanobiology, Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Volume 19 Series editor Amit Gefen, Ramat Aviv, Israel More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8415 Amit Gefen Yoram Epstein (cid:129) Editors The Mechanobiology and Mechanophysiology of Military-Related Injuries 123 Editors Amit Gefen Yoram Epstein TelAviv University TelAviv University TelAviv-Yafo TelAviv-Yafo Israel Israel ISSN 1868-2006 ISSN 1868-2014 (electronic) Studies in Mechanobiology,Tissue EngineeringandBiomaterials ISBN978-3-319-33010-5 ISBN978-3-319-33012-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-33012-9 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016936645 ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2016 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor foranyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAGSwitzerland Preface Combat soldiers are being rigorously prepared to perform at extreme conditions, whichexposethemtovarioustypesofpotentially-seriousinjuries.Life-threatening situations are understandable as part of combat scenarios, which motivates con- siderable efforts in developing guidelines and training protocols, as well as pro- tective measures that are technologically-based (e.g. specialized clothing and footwear,protectivegearanddevices).Thesemeasuresareallaimedatreducingthe incidence of injuries and lessening their short-term and long-term effects, while minimally compromising performance in battle. Besides the aforementioned com- bat injuries, many of the other injuries reported among recruits and soldiers are a consequence of training under extreme physiological and environmental stressful conditions, and are in many cases, related with insufficient adaptation of the body and tissues to the requirements of training programs. While epidemiological surveys highlight aclinical picture, the etiology ismuch more complicated to investigate, and more difficult to understand. Understanding thebiophysicsandbiomechanicsofinjuriesisafundamentalpartinenhancingthe survivability and performance of soldiers. Ultimately, better understanding con- tributestodevelopmentofimprovedguidelines,trainingprotocolsandprogramsas well as materials and other technologies for better body and tissue protection. The present book in the series Studies in Mechanobiology, Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials focuses on the biomechanics, mechanobiology and bio-thermodynamicsunderlyingcommoninjurieswhichareencounteredbyrecruits and soldiers during their service, either in training or at war. In the various chapters of this multi-disciplinary book, we focus mostly on musculoskeletal,neurologicalandheatstress-relatedinjuries.Thebooksummarizes the efforts of an international group of expert authors, from military research institutes and universities in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Australia, and Israel, countries that are all well-known for their massive collective experience in military medicine, military ergonomics and military biomechanics. Within the11chapters ofthepresentbook,theinterestedreader willfindthemost up-to-date knowledge with regard to military injuries and their prevention. v vi Preface Importantly, this volume makes a unique contribution to the literature, being the first of its kind to describe the specific biomechanics and thermodynamics aspects ofcommonmilitaryinjuries.Theauthors,allleadersintheirfields,togetherprovide the state of science in understanding military-related injuries. We, the editors, are certainthatmilitarymedicineexperts,scientistsandengineersworkinginthefields of injury biomechanics and development of soldier-oriented protective equipment, will find this book a primary source of knowledge. Finally, the relevant decision-makers in government bodies and militaries should make this book their primary reference, particularly for prioritizing research and scientific-based selec- tion of technologies. Amit Gefen Yoram Epstein Contents Part I The Study of Injury Mechanisms in Military-Specific Scenarios Modeling Skeletal Injuries in Military Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Reuben H. Kraft, Rebecca A. Fielding, Kevin Lister, Allen Shirley, Tim Marler, Andrew C. Merkle, Andrzej J. Przekwas, X.G. Tan and Xianlian Zhou Preventing Injuries Associated with Military Static-line Parachuting Landings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Julie R. Steele, Karen J. Mickle and John W. Whitting Part II Load Carriage-Related Injuries Biomechanics of Load Carriage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Joseph F. Seay Load Carriage-Related Injury Mechanisms, Risk Factors, and Prevention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Joseph J. Knapik and Katy Reynolds Part III Overuse Injuries Overuse Injuries in Military Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Jay R. Hoffman, David D. Church and Mattan W. Hoffman The Mechanophysiololgy of Stress Fractures in Military Recruits. . . . . 163 Amir Hadid, Yoram Epstein, Nogah Shabshin and Amit Gefen The Biomechanical Basis for Increased Risk of Overuse Musculoskeletal Injuries in Female Soldiers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Ran Yanovich, Yuval Heled and Julie Hughes vii viii Contents Part IV Neurological Injuries Traumatic Brain Injury in the Military: Biomechanics and Finite Element Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Rinat Friedman, Yoram Epstein and Amit Gefen Biomechanics of Eye Injury in the Military . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Brittany Coats and Daniel F. Shedd Part V Bio-Thermodynamics and Heat Stress-Related Injuries Modelling Human Heat Transfer and Temperature Regulation. . . . . . . 265 Dusan Fiala and George Havenith Military Clothing and Protective Material: Protection at the Limits of Physiological Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Nigel A.S. Taylor and Mark J. Patterson Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Part I The Study of Injury Mechanisms in Military-Specific Scenarios
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