ADHESION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING - 1 Series Editor A.V. Pocius The cover displays a micrograph of glass particles on a plasticized polystyrene substrate showing adhesion-induced viscous flow of the substrate and encapsulation of the particle. The crater is the deformed substrate after a particle had been removed. The micrograph was taken by Ray Bowen and was supplied by Dr. Donald Rimai. ADHESION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING - 1 THE MECHANICS OF ADHESION Edited by D.A. Dillard Virginia Tech Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics 120 Patton Hall Blackburg, VA 24061 U.S.A. A.V. Pocius 3M Adhesive Technologies Center 3M Center, Building 201-4N-OJ St. Paul, MN 55144-1000 U.S.A. 2002 ELSEVIER Amsterdam - Boston - London - New York - Oxford - Paris - San Diego San Francisco - Singapore - Sydney - Tokyo ELSEVIER SCIENCE B.V. Sara Burgerhartstraat 25 P.O. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record from the British Library has been applied for. ISBN: 0 444 51140 7 (set) § The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSI/NI SO Printed in The Netherlands. Preface Adhesion science and technology is inherently an interdisciplinary field, requir ing fundamental understanding of mechanics, surfaces, and materials, the topics emphasized in this Adhesion Science and Engineering series. This volume focuses attention on the contribution of mechanics principles and solutions to under standing the fabrication, design, analysis, and testing of adhesive bonds. Building on the fundamentals laid by such noted mechanicians as Winkler, Timoshenko, Volkersen, Goland, Reissner, Williams, Gent, and Johnson, this volume offers a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of stresses, deformation, and fracture parameters associated with a range of adhesive bonds. Starting with a background and introduction to stress transfer principles (Chap ter I), fracture mechanics and singularities (Chapter 2), and an energy approach to debonding (Chapter 3), the volume continues with analysis of structural lap (Chapter 4) and butt (Chapter 5) joint configurations. The volume continues with discussions of test methods for strength and constitutive properties (Chapter 6), fracture (Chapter 7), and peel (Chapter 8). Chapter 9 covers coatings, the case of adhesion to a single substrate, and Chapter IO addresses elastomeric adhe sives such as sealants. The role of mechanics in determining the locus of failure in bonded joints is discussed (Chapter 11 ), followed by a chapter on rheology relevant to adhesives and sealants (Chapter 12). Pressure sensitive adhesive per formance (Chapter 13 ), the principles of tack and tack measurements (Chapter 14), and contact mechanics relevant to wetting and surface energy measurements (Chapter 15) are then covered. The volume concludes with sections on fiber matrix bonding and reinforcement (Chapter 16), durability considerations for adhesive bonds (Chapter 17), ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation of adhesive bonds (Chapter 18), and design of adhesive bonds from a strength perspective (Chapter 19). The references cited in the chapters herein represent only a portion of the intense effort and contributions made by the mechanics community working in ad hesion science and technology. Through compiling these important topics covered by the respective chapters, along with the surfaces and materials issues addressed in the companion volumes, the editors hope to address the need for a current and comprehensive series of books that provides an overview of this broad and interdisciplinary field. As the scientific and engineering community comes to a better understanding of the mechanics, surface, and materials issues, improved models of representing complex bonded systems will develop. Technical chal lenges remain for understanding how properties of the adhesive and adherends vi Preface affect the performance and durability of bonded joints and structures, how de signers can reliably utilize adhesive bonds in a variety of service conditions, and how mechanics' insights can efficiently be translated into improving surfaces and adhesives. One can only wonder what new science will be developed as we move into the nanomechanics world, where the applicability of continuum mechanics becomes questionable as atomic scales are approached. The editors of this volume would like to express sincere appreciation to each of the authors for their invaluable contributions to this volume. Their collective expertise represents many years of industrial and academic experience in the field of adhesion science and technology, and we are very grateful for the time and effort they have devoted to the task. We would also like to thank the employers of each of the contributors for allowing them to take on the added responsibilities associated with this volume. We would like to thank Mrs. Shelia L. Collins for her diligence in contacting authors, maintaining files, and assembling materials prior to publication. Assistance from the Engineering Science and Mechanics Department and Center for Adhesive and Sealant Science at Virginia Tech is specifically acknowledged. Finally, we would like to thank our wives for their patience as we compiled and edited the volume. ALPHONSUS V. POCIUS DAVID A. DILLARD Editor Associate Editor Corporate Scientist Professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics 3M Company Director, Center for Adhesive and Sealant Science St. Paul, MN, USA Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, VA, USA Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Chapter I. Fundamentals of stress transfer in bonded systems D.A. Dillard ................................................ . Chapter 2. Fracture mechanics and singularities in bonded systems K.M. Liechti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Chapter 3. Energy analysis of adhesion K. Kendall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Chapter 4. Strength of lap shear joints R.D. Adams and R.G.H. Davies .... .. ......................... 111 Chapter 5. Strength of butt and sharp-cornered joints E.D. Reedy Jr. ............................................... 145 Chapter 6. Mechanical testing of adhesive joints K.L. DeVriesandD.O. Adams ................................ 193 Chapter 7. Measurement and analysis of the fracture properties of adhesive joints M.D. Thou less and Q.D. Yang ................................ 235 Chapter 8. The mechanics of peel tests A.J. Kinloch and J.G. Williams ................................ 273 Chapter 9. The mechanics of coatings M. Papini and J.K. Spelt ...................................... 303 Chapter 10. Stresses and fracture of elastomeric bonds N. Shephard ................................................. 351 Chapter 11. Crack path selection in adhesively bonded joints B. Chen and D.A. Dillard ..................................... 389
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