The Management of Industrial Forest Plantations: Theoretical Foundations and Applications

544 Pages·2014·13.618 MB·English

by  José G. Borges, Luis Diaz-Balteiro, Marc E. McDill, Luiz C.E. Rodriguez (eds.)

Managing Forest Ecosystems
José G. Borges
Luis Diaz-Balteiro
Marc E. McDill
Luiz C.E. Rodriguez Editors
The Management
of Industrial Forest
Plantations
Theoretical Foundations and
Applications
The Management of Industrial Forest Plantations
Managing Forest Ecosystems
Volume33
SeriesEditors:
KlausvonGadow
Georg-August-University,
Göttingen,Germany
TimoPukkala
UniversityofJoensuu,
Joensuu,Finland
and
MargaridaTomé
InstitutoSuperiordeAgronomía,
Lisbon,Portugal
Aims&Scope:
Well-managedforestsandwoodlandsarearenewableresource,producingessentialrawmaterialwith
minimumwasteandenergyuse.Richinhabitatandspeciesdiversity,forestsmaycontributetoincreased
ecosystem stability. They can absorb the effects of unwanted deposition and other disturbances and
protect neighbouring ecosystems bymaintaining stable nutrient and energy cycles andbypreventing
soil degradation and erosion. They provide much-needed recreation and their continued existence
contributestostabilizingruralcommunities.
Forestsaremanagedfortimberproductionandspecies,habitatandprocessconservation.Asubtle
shiftfrommultiple-usemanagementtoecosystemsmanagementisbeingobservedandthenewecological
perspective of multi-functional forest management is based on the principles of ecosystem diversity,
stabilityandelasticity,andthedynamicequilibriumofprimaryandsecondaryproduction.
Makingfulluseofnewtechnologyisoneofthechallengesfacingforestmanagementtoday.Resource
informationmustbeobtainedwithalimitedbudget.Thisrequiresbettertimingofresourceassessment
activities and improved use ofmultiple data sources. Sound ecosystems management, like any other
managementactivity,reliesoneffectiveforecastingandoperationalcontrol.
The aim of the book series Managing Forest Ecosystems is to present state-of-the-art research
resultsrelatingtothepracticeofforestmanagement.Contributionsaresolicitedfromprominentauthors.
Eachreferencebook,monographorproceedingsvolumewillbefocusedtodealwithaspecificcontext.
Typicalissuesoftheseriesare:resourceassessmenttechniques,evaluatingsustainabilityforeven-aged
anduneven-agedforests,multi-objectivemanagement,predictingforestdevelopment,optimizingforest
management,biodiversitymanagementandmonitoring,riskassessmentandeconomicanalysis.
Forfurthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/6247
José G. Borges (cid:129) Luis Diaz-Balteiro
Marc E. McDill (cid:129) Luiz C.E. Rodriguez
Editors
The Management of
Industrial Forest Plantations
Theoretical Foundations and Applications
123
Editors
JoséG.Borges LuisDiaz-Balteiro
ForestResearchCentre DepartamentodeEconomíayGestión
SchoolofAgriculture Forestal
UniversityofLisbon ETSIngenierosdeMontes
Lisbon,Portugal TechnicalUniversityofMadrid
Madrid,Spain
MarcE.McDill
DepartmentofEcosystemScience LuizC.E.Rodriguez
andManagement DepartmentofForestSciences
PennsylvaniaStateUniversity UniversityofSãoPaulo
UniversityPark,PA,USA SãoPaulo,Brazil
ISSN1568-1319 ISSN2352-3956(electronic)
ISBN978-94-017-8898-4 ISBN978-94-017-8899-1(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-94-017-8899-1
SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergNewYorkLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014947533
©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht2014
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Preface
The Management of Industrial Forest Plantations: Theoretical Foundations and
Applicationsanswerscallsfromboththeresearchandtheprofessionalcommunities
forasynthesisofcurrentknowledgeaboutindustrialforestrymanagementplanning
processes. The emphasis of the book is thus on covering components of the
forest supply chain ranging from modelling techniques to management planning
approachesandinformationandcommunicationtechnologysupport.Wethinkthat
thissynthesismayprovideeffectivesupporttoresearchandoutreachactivitiesthat
focusonforestmanagementandspecificallyonindustrialplantationsmanagement.
It may contribute further to support forest managers when developing industrial
plantations management plans. Moreover, the structure of the book as well the
standardized design of individual chapters – that address a wide range of topics
relevant to industrial plantations management scheduling – targets the support of
bothundergraduateandgraduateforestmanagementclasses. Forthatpurpose,the
introductiontoeachchapterincludesaWhatyouwilllearninthischaptersectionto
highlightandconveythemainobjectivesofthechapterandthushelpstructurethe
readingbylearnersandtrainees.Allchaptersincludealsoasectionwithexercises,
problemsandreviewquestionstofurthersupportthestructuringoftheknowledge
acquiredbystudents.
Thebookaddressesthoroughlythetheoreticalfoundationsfortheintegrationof
informationandknowledgetosupportindustrialplantationsmanagementschedul-
ing.Itpresentsthewholerangeofmodelsandmethodsthatareusefultosupportall
industrialforestmanagementplanninglevels–e.g.strategic,tacticalandoperational
aswellastransportationandrouting.Itfurtherpresentsapproachestoenhancethe
efficiencyandtheeffectivenessofindustrialplantationsmanagementplanningina
contextofglobalchange–e.g.thedevelopmentofdecisionsupportsystemstointe-
gratemanagementplanninglevels,thedynamicdesignofmanagementunitstaking
advantageofrecentremotesensingtechniquesortheuseofadvancedtechniquesfor
developingintegratedsustainabilityindexes.The bookfurtheraddressesemergent
topicsthatframetheforestrybusiness–e.g.carbonsequestrationandcertification–
aswellasapproachestoenhanceitscompetitiveness,e.g.supplychainmanagement.
v
vi Preface
Neverthelessthepresentationisstructuredsuchthatitmaybefollowedbylearn-
ers and trainees with diverse backgroundsand education. No specific preparation
is assumed in any scientific field. Chapters may be read independently of each
other and yet there is a logical sequence and a read thread linking chapters in
each part and parts in the book. In fact, the presentation of concepts, models,
methodsandmanagementplanningapproachesiscomplementedbythediscussion
of applications in 27 Management Planning in Actions boxes distributed all over
thebook.Theseapplicationshighlightthelinkagebetweentheoryandpracticeand
the contributionof models, methods and managementplanning approachesto the
efficiencyandtheeffectivenessofindustrialplantationsmanagementplanning.
The first part of The Management of Industrial Forest Plantations: Theoretical
Foundations and Applications addresses the context as well as the models and
methodstodevelopindustrialplantationsmanagementplans.Itstartsbypresenting
theobjectivesandtheimportanceofindustrialforestplantationsandbyhighlighting
the need of tools to address its economic goals as well as its social and environ-
mental contexts (Chap. 1). Afterwards, it provides an overview of the planning
process,rangingfromdataacquisitiontomonitoringandre-planningsub-processes,
as well as of the management of information needed for it to unfold (Chap. 2).
The ensuing discussion of planning levels, of data requirements, acquisition, and
management, and of planning models sets the stage for the remaining chapters
in the first part of the book. The book presents and explores models to project
the growth of industrial plantations (Chap. 3) under key silvicultural activities
(Chap.4).Silvicultureandgrowthandyieldmodelsprovidetheinformationneeded
to enumerate adequate technical plans (prescriptions) to manage each stand in an
industrial forest plantation. The economic concepts and methods needed for the
forestmanagertoselect,fromwithinthissetoffeasibletechnicalprescriptions,the
plantobeimplementedarepresentedanddiscussedinChap.5.Chapters3,4and5
thuspresentinalogicalsequencetheinformationthatmustbefedintomanagement
schedulingmodelstoaddressstrategic(Chap.6),tacticalandoperational(Chap.7)
and transportation and routing (Chap. 8) planning processes. Building from the
Chap. 2 overview of planning models, a wide range of management planning
techniquesandapproachesispresentedindetailinChap.6,startingwithasimple
andyetcomprehensivenumericalexampleandgoinguptoreal-worldapplications.
The emphasis is in building competences to understand and develop methods to
addressstrategicmanagementschedulingandtointerpretitssolutionsandassessits
relativemerits.Thepotentialofthesetechniquestoaddresstacticalandoperational
andtransportationandroutingplanningprocessesis discussed furtherin Chaps. 7
and8,respectively.
Thesecondpartofthebookaddressesadvancedmanagementplanningtopicsthat
are relevant to industrial plantations. The role of information and communication
technology support is discussed in Chap. 9. The focus is on the design and
architecture of decision support systems that may help integrate management
planninglevelsandmanagetheforestproductssupplychain.Theimpactofriskand
uncertaintyinindustrialplantationsmanagementschedulingandthedevelopmentof
methodstoaddressitarediscussedinChap.10.Methodsandcriteriatodetermine
Preface vii
clone recommendationsfor each industrial forest plantation management unit are
presented in Chap. 11. The dynamic design of management units to improve the
efficiencyofindustrialforestmanagementschedulingascomparedwithpermanent
stand compartments is discussed in Chap. 12. The last chapter in this part of the
book (Chap. 13) presents a methodology to aggregate sustainability indicators in
ordertoselecttheoptimalsustainablemanagementplanforanindustrialplantation.
The third part of the book starts by addressing emergent topics that frame the
forestrybusiness.Chapter14focussesonthemeasurementandmodellingofcarbon
stock changes as well as on the economic optimisation of plantations with joint
productionoflogsandcarbon.Itfurtheraddressesthetradingofplantation-derived
carbonunits.Chapter15examinesthedifferencesinthecertificationstandardsfor
industrialforestplantationsaroundtheworld,andcomparesthesetothestandards
usedfortheharvestingofnaturalandsemi-naturalforests.Theforestryrawmaterial
supply chain is characterized in Chap. 16 while the problems of the pulpwood
supply chain – procurement, transportation, inventory, production and demand
planning–arediscussedandmodelledinChap.17.FinallyChap.18discussesthe
use of a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology to assess the environmental
impactsofforestoperationsandpulpmanufacture.
Addressingsuccessfullythewiderangeoftopicsrelevanttoindustrialplantations
management scheduling was only possible because of the voluntary effort and
dedication of all authors over a 3-year period. We acknowledge and thank the
valuable contribution by all authors involved in this project. We also thank the
reviewersof our bookproposalfor their valuablecommentsas wellas the editors
of this Springer Book Series for their encouragement to the development of
this project, and we acknowledge the support from the Erasmus Mundus Master
Course Mediterranean Forestry and Natural Resources Management (MEDfOR)
and from the European Union’s Seventh Programme for research, technological
development and demonstration under grant agreement nı PIRSES-GA-2010-
269257(ForEAdapt-KnowledgeexchangebetweenEuropeandAmericaonforest
growth models and optimization for adaptive forestry). We hope that the book
structure and contents are able to meet the challenge of providing a learned and
effectivesynthesisof thecurrentknowledgeaboutindustrialforestrymanagement
planning processes and may thus become a useful learning and reference tool to
students,researchersandforestpractitionersinterestedinthisfield.
Lisbon,Portugal JoséG.Borges
Madrid,Spain LuisDiaz-Balteiro
UniversityPark,PA,USA MarcE.McDill
Piracicaba,Brazil LuizC.E.Rodriguez

Contents
PartI IndustrialForestPlantationsManagementPlanning
1 TheImportanceofIndustrialForestPlantations....................... 3
LuizC.E.Rodriguez, MariaPasalodos-Tato,
LuisDiaz-Balteiro,andJohnPaulMcTague
2 An Overview of Forest Management Planning
andInformationManagement............................................ 27
MarcE.McDill
3 ForestGrowthandYieldModelsforIntensivelyManaged
Plantations................................................................... 61
AaronR.Weiskittel
4 ManagementofIndustrialForestPlantations........................... 91
JoséLeonardodeMoraesGonçalves,LucianaDuqueSilva,
MaurelBehling,andClaytonAlcardeAlvares
5 EconomicsandManagementofIndustrialForestPlantations........ 121
LuisDiaz-Balteiro,CarlosRomero,LuizC.E.Rodriguez,
SilvanaRibeiroNobre,andJoséG.Borges
6 StrategicManagementScheduling ....................................... 171
JoséG.Borges, JordiGarcia-Gonzalo, SuseteMarques,
VictorA.Valdebenito,MarcE.McDill,andAndréO.Falcão
7 TacticalandOperationalHarvestPlanning ............................. 239
AlexandraS.Marques, JeanFrançoisAudy,
SophieD’Amours,andMikaelRönnqvist
8 TransportationandRouting............................................... 269
JeanFrançoisAudy, AlexandraS.Marques,
MikaelRönnqvist,RafaelEpstein,andAndresWeintraub
ix