The Loophole in LSAT Logical Reasoning PDF
Preview The Loophole in LSAT Logical Reasoning
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When Yo Reese's Pieces is the registered trademark of Hershey Chocolate & Confectionery Corporation. CLUSTER Red Bull is the registered trademark of Red Bull GMBH. The Impe CLIF is the registered trademark of CLIF Bar & Company. Skittles is a registered trademark of Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company. Real LSA Real LSA Tumblr is a registered trademark of Tumblr, Inc. Silicon Valley is the registered trademark of Home Box Office, Inc. Chapter Community is the registered trademark of Sony Pictures Television. Cluster L Pellegrino is the registered trademark of San Pellegrino S.P.A. Chapter Starbucks is the registered trademark of Starbucks Corporation. Chapter Breather Star Wars is the registered trademark of Lucasfilm Ltd. Batman is the registered trademark of DC Comics, Inc. THE STIMUL Yelp is the registered trademark of Yelp Inc. The Stim The CLIF Hybrid Argument”, Dangling Vaer;i naPbplo es”i tE e:” E,2e cerGeBetri aos u”,pV aeldAu e BJiEiasux sdOt™Cgp,rtLm eieIomPnnReost™w™”se, ” r» ,fP OuAoplswSp eseocQrusrufiemettups eltt -DiiPoooCrwnlno™na v,sia imCb™dhPl ,eaer sio™n™v,D a ob, lrT, AemrS saatsQennuupstmlel aseadttdCdii oeoornnnU™d”™n,i, i t v, ieCSPorlanWusras atltlyseS r”C G,TCo rTEairlRcTesk™he””e,™,, . 2. ARSCPGoor,nUe cmMalinus IseAis i he eexxccllusuisvei ve sceorryv;i ce marked property of Elemental Valid Co Published by Elemental Prep CONCLU Author: Ellen Cassidy Comple> Editor: Dave Killoran Nested ¢ Printed in Canada INTERMI How to / Chapter Table of Contents INTROTDh eU CAnTaItoOmNy of a Logical Reasoning Question 41 How to Study 5 1. TRWAhNatS LArAeT ISeOntNen ces& RCeLalUlyS TER SENTENCES 97 Commas Are Your Friend 11 14 Cluster Trees A VISUAL TRANSLATION When You’re Abandoned by Your Friend, the Comma 15 CLUSTER DRILL 17 The Importance of Translation on the LSAT 18 Real LSAT Translation GYPSY MOTHS 19 Real LSAT Translation TITANIUM INK 21 Chapter 1 Quiz 26 Cluster Drill | ANSWER KEY 28 Chapter 1 Quiz ANSWER KEY 29 Chapter Breather TOP 5 THINGS | WISH | KNEW WHEN | STARTED LSAT PREP (PART 1) 31 THE STIMULUS FRAMEWORK 32 The Stimulus-Based Approach 33 The CLIR Sneak Preview (pronounced “clear”) 35 2. ASCPoorR,en mcailnsu GesAsir ognUsu menMt &E INNFETRENSCE S 43330789 Valid Conclusions & Invalid Conclusions 4) CONCLUSIONS DRILL 46 Complex Arguments 31 Nested Claims & Hybrid Arguments 53 INTERMEDIATE CONCLUSIONS & NESTED CLAIMS DRILL 54 How to Attack an Argument 35 Chapter 2 Quiz 56 The Loophole in Logical Reasoning | i If and Or Conclusions Drill ANSWER KEY IF AND C Intermediate Conclusions & Nested Claims Drill ANSWER KEY Either/O Chapter 2 Quiz ANSWER KEY INCLUSIC Chapter Breather TOP 5 THINGS! WISH | KNEW WHEN | STARTED LSAT PREP (PART 2) No, Non« 3, THE POWER PLAYERS EXCLUSIC¢ Must, Cannot, Could, Not Necessarily Unless Certainty Power Players THE 100% & THE O% UNLESS | Possibility Power Players THE 1-100% & THE 0-99% Some &/ Power Players & Argument Parts Inference Certainty Conclusions SOME & | Possibility Conclusions MEGA-C¢ POWER PLAYERS & ARGUMENT PARTS DRILL Chapter « Power Players & Truthiness Basic Cor Equivalence If and Or Negation Inclusion POWER PLAYER TRUTHINESS DRILL Exclusion Chapter 3 Quiz Unless D Power Players & Argument Parts Drill ANSWER KEY Some & | Power Player Truthiness Drill answer KEY Chapter 3 Quiz ANswer KEY Mega-Cc Chapter. BASIC TRANSLATION DRILL Chapter Breather BASIC TRANSLATION DRILL JUNE 2007, SECTION 2 BASIC TRANSLATION DRILL JUNE 2007, SECTION 3 5. ASSUMP 4. CONDITIONAL REASONING Assumpt The Art of the If/Then The Sufi The Contrapositive The Nec: How to Diagram Conditionals The Assu Figuring Out The Language SUFFICIE Your Friend, the Personalized lf/Then The Loor BASIC CONDITIONAL DRILL The Dan, Conditional Chains Secret V And/Or Secret D Assumec If and Only If IF AND ONLY IF & AND/OR DRILL Either/Or THE INCLUSION INDICATORS INCLUSION DRILL No, None, Nobody, Never THE EXCLUSION INDICATORS EXCLUSION DRILL Unless UNLESS DRILL Some & Most Inferences From Some & Most Chains SOME & MOST DRILL MEGA-CONDITIONAL DRILL Chapter 4 Quiz Basic Conditional Drill ANSWER KEY If and Only If & And/Or Drill ANSWER KEY Inclusion Drill ANSWER KEY Exclusion Drill ANSWER KEY Unless Drill ANSWER KEY Some & Most Drill ANSWER KEY Mega-Conditional Drill ANSWER KEY Chapter 4 Quiz ANSWER KEY Chapter Breather WHAT ARE THE BIGGEST MYTHS ABOUT THE LSAT? 5. ASSUMPTIONS & THE LOOPHOLE Assumptions The Sufficient Assumption The Necessary Assumption The Assumption Chain SUFFICIENT & NECESSARY ASSUMPTION DRILL The Loophole The Dangling Variable Secret Value Judgments Secret Downsides Assumed Universal Goals The Loophole in Logical Reasoning | iii 8. THE CLII CShufafpitceiren t 9 &Q uiNze cessary Assumption Drill ANSWER KEY TOhuet liAnnes w Chapter CBhraeapttheerr 9 QHuOizW DIDA NYSOWUE R MAKKEEY SURE YOU WERE REALL YR EADING THE STIMULUS? CDaetseiggonriinzg 6. CAUSAL REASONING Designing Cause and Effect Designing The Omitted Options Designing Correlation & Causation CLIR DRII CAUSAL REASONING DRILL CLIR DRI Chapter 6 Quiz Chapter Causal Reasoning Drill ANSWER KEY Chapter € Chapter 6 Quiz ANSWER KEY Chapter Breather Chapter Breather A FEW “COMMON KNOWLEDGE” SCIENCE TERMS YOU NEED TO KNOW THE POWERF 7. THE CLASSIC FLAWS The Ques Bad Conditional Reasoning SW SCC Bad Causal Reasoning Chapter Whole-to-Part & Part-to-Whole Overgeneralization MAKING AM Survey Problems Chapter | False Starts Possibility z Certainty 9. POWERF Implication Weaken False Dichotomy Strengths Straw Man Sufficient Ad Hominem Counter Circular Reasoning Contradi Equivocation Evaluate Appeal Fallacies Resolutic Irrelevant! Chapter: Percentages * Numbers Chapter 7 Quiz Powerful Ch apter 7 Quiz ANSWER key Chapter Chapter Breath Cr AF EW BU{ SINESS TERMSS POFRO R B BUSINESS STIHsM ULY Chapter Breather 8. THECLIR (pronounced “clear”) 223 The Answer is in the Stimulus 224 Outline 226 Categorize THE FOUR STIMULUS TYPES 227 Designing Loopholes 231 Designing Inferences 232 Designing Controversies 233 Designing Resolutions 237 242 CLIR DRILL JUNE 2007, SECTION 2 247 CLIR DRILL JUNE 2007, SECTION 3 Chapter 8 Quiz 252 Chapter 8 Quiz ANSWER KEY 254 Chapter Breather A BIAS, E BIAS, AND THE ANSWER CHOICE RESET 256 THE POWERFUL PROVABLE PRIMER 257 The Questions, Simplified 258 SW SCCER 265 Chapter 8.5 Quiz 266 MAKIA MNISGSIO N 267 Chapter 8.5 Quiz ANSWER KEY 273 9. POWERFUL QUESTIONS 275 Weaken 276 Strengthen 280 Sufficient Assumption (SA) 284 Counter 288 Contradiction 292 Evaluate 296 Resolution 300 Chapter 9 Quiz 304 Powerful Challenge Questions ANSWER KEY 306 Chapter 9 Quiz ANSWER KEY 307 Chapter Breather WHAT'S SUPPLY AND DEMAND? 309 The Loophole in Logical Reasoning lv nn a TTT 311 Dormant 10. PROVABLE QUESTIONS an Comparat Conclusion 318 Strong Ar SF Inference 321 Stepladde Most Strongly Supported (MSS) 325 Powerful | Fill In 328 Grouped | Controversy 331 Weak Ans eos 334 Provable ‘ Necessary Assumption (NA) Chapter 1 Method se Chapter 1 Argument Part a Classic Flaw sal ANSWER CHO Loophole Flaw =z The Answ Chapter 10 Quiz SE Hyper-Sk Provable Challenge Questions ANSWER KEY 357 The Excey Chapter 10 Quiz ANSWER KEY 358 Chapter Breather Chapter Breather HOW DID YOU LEARN TO NOT FREAK OUT ABOUT THE TIME? 361 The Fast and the C 11. PRINCIPLE & PARALLEL QUESTIONS 363 FULL LOGICA Principle Conform 364 It’s Showt Parallel Reasoning 369 FULL LSA’ Parallel Flaw 382 Start You: Chapter 11 Quiz 386 Principle & Parallel Challenge Questions Answer KEY 387 FULL LSA Chapter 11 Quiz answer KEY June 200 Chapter Breather tHe cast AND THE QUESTION STEM Quiz 388 June 200 390 12. THE ANSWER CHOICES EPILOGUE PBoeswte rfWualy or PRrepo vaFbLlAeG? ty E SPECTRUM OF ANSWER CHOICE APPENDIX A ‘ Important Rep FLAG ae: Real LSA : Crazy Nonsense RED Fiac APPENDIX B Grouped Extreme RED Flac f Alliiillmost RED F LAG 3su9se8 APPENDIX C Opposite Claim RED Flag 399 400 vi
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