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The Limits of Organic Life in Planetary Systems PDF

117 Pages·2007·1.78 MB·English
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The Limits of Organic Life in Planetary Systems Committee on the Limits of Organic Life in Planetary Systems Committee on the Origins and Evolution of Life Space Studies Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences Board on Life Sciences Division on Earth and Life Studies THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. Support for this project was provided by Contract NASW 01001 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsor. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-10484-5 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-10484-X Cover: Cover design by Penny E. Margolskee. The lower half of the cover is an image of a microbial mat community found at a depth of about 15 meters in Lake Vanda, Wright Valley, Antarctica; photo courtesy of Dale Andersen, SETI Institution. The upper half of the cover is a composite image of the Orion Nebula made by combining data from the Hubble Space Telescope and the Spitzer Space Telescope; image courtesy of NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory-California Institute of Technology, T. Megeath (University of Toledo), and M. Robberto (Space Telescope Science Institute). The crescent on the center right is an ultraviolet image of the planet Venus as seen by the Hubble Space Telescope; image courtesy of NASA/JPL/Space Telescope Science Institute. A limited number of copies of this report are available free of charge from: Space Studies Board National Research Council The Keck Center of the National Academies 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Wash- ington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu. Copyright 2007 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, shar- ing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and rec- ognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad com- munity of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the gov- ernment, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M. Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org OTHER REPORTS OF THE SPACE STUDIES BOARD Building a Better NASA Workforce: Meeting the Workforce Needs for the National Vision for Space Explora- tion (2007) Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond (2007) Exploring Organic Environments in the Solar System (SSB with the Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology, 2007) A Performance Assessment of NASA’s Astrophysics Program (SSB with the Board on Physics and Astronomy, 2007) An Assessment of Balance in NASA’s Science Programs (2006) Assessment of NASA’s Mars Architecture 2007-2016 (2006) Assessment of Planetary Protection Requirements for Venus Missions: Letter Report (2006) Distributed Arrays of Small Instruments for Solar-Terrestrial Research: Report of a Workshop (2006) Issues Affecting the Future of the U.S. Space Science and Engineering Workforce: Interim Report (SSB with the Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board [ASEB], 2006) Review of NASA’s 2006 Draft Science Plan: Letter Report (2006) The Scientific Context for Exploration of the Moon:⎯Interim Report (2006) Space Radiation Hazards and the Vision for Space Exploration (2006) The Astrophysical Context of Life (SSB with the Board on Life Sciences, 2005) Earth Science and Applications from Space: Urgent Needs and Opportunities to Serve the Nation (2005) Extending the Effective Lifetimes of Earth Observing Research Missions (2005) Preventing the Forward Contamination of Mars (2005) Principal-Investigator-Led Missions in the Space Sciences (2005) Priorities in Space Science Enabled by Nuclear Power and Propulsion (SSB with ASEB, 2005) Review of Goals and Plans for NASA’s Space and Earth Sciences (2005) Review of NASA Plans for the International Space Station (2005) Science in NASA’s Vision for Space Exploration (2005) Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope: Final Report (SSB with ASEB, 2004) Exploration of the Outer Heliosphere and the Local Interstellar Medium: A Workshop Report (2004) Issues and Opportunities Regarding the U.S. Space Program: A Summary Report of a Workshop on National Space Policy (SSB with ASEB, 2004) Plasma Physics of the Local Cosmos (2004) Review of Science Requirements for the Terrestrial Planet Finder: Letter Report (2004) Understanding the Sun and Solar System Plasmas: Future Directions in Solar and Space Physics (2004) Utilization of Operational Environmental Satellite Data: Ensuring Readiness for 2010 and Beyond (SSB with ASEB and the Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate [BASC], 2004) Limited copies of these reports are available free of charge from: Space Studies Board National Research Council The Keck Center of the National Academies 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20001 (202) 334-3477/ COMMITTEE ON THE LIMITS OF ORGANIC LIFE IN PLANETARY SYSTEMS JOHN A. BAROSS, University of Washington, Chair STEVEN A. BENNER, Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution GEORGE D. CODY, Carnegie Institution of Washington SHELLEY D. COPLEY, University of Colorado at Boulder NORMAN R. PACE, University of Colorado at Boulder JAMES H. SCOTT, Dartmouth College ROBERT SHAPIRO, New York University MITCHELL L. SOGIN, Marine Biological Laboratory JEFFREY L. STEIN, Sofinnova Ventures ROGER SUMMONS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology JACK W. SZOSTAK, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University Staff DAVID H. SMITH, Study Director JOSEPH K. ALEXANDER, Senior Staff Officer ROBERT L. RIEMER, Senior Staff Officer (shared with the Board on Physics and Astronomy) CATHERINE A. GRUBER, Assistant Editor RODNEY N. HOWARD, Senior Project Assistant v SPACE STUDIES BOARD LENNARD A. FISK, University of Michigan, Chair A. THOMAS YOUNG, Lockheed Martin Corporation (retired), Vice Chair SPIRO K. ANTIOCHOS, Naval Research Laboratory DANIEL N. BAKER, University of Colorado STEVEN J. BATTEL, Battel Engineering CHARLES L. BENNETT, Johns Hopkins University JUDITH A. CURRY, Georgia Institute of Technology JACK D. FARMER, Arizona State University JACK D. FELLOWS, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research JACQUELINE N. HEWITT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology TAMARA E. JERNIGAN, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory KLAUS KEIL, University of Hawaii BERRIEN MOORE III, University of New Hampshire KENNETH H. NEALSON, University of Southern California NORMAN P. NEUREITER, American Association for the Advancement of Science SUZANNE OPARIL, University of Alabama, Birmingham JAMES PAWELCZYK, Pennsylvania State University RONALD F. PROBSTEIN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology HARVEY D. TANANBAUM, Harvard-Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory RICHARD H. TRULY, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (retired) JOSEPH F. VEVERKA, Cornell University WARREN M. WASHINGTON, National Center for Atmospheric Research GARY P. ZANK, University of California, Riverside MARCIA S. SMITH, Director vi BOARD ON LIFE SCIENCES KEITH YAMAMOTO, University of California, San Francisco, Chair ANN M. ARVIN, Stanford University School of Medicine JEFFREY L. BENNETZEN, University of Georgia RUTH BERKELMAN, Emory University DEBORAH BLUM, University of Wisconsin R. ALTA CHARO, University of Wisconsin JEFFREY L. DANGL, University of North Carolina PAUL R. EHRLICH, Stanford University MARK D. FITZSIMMONS, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation JO HANDELSMAN, University of Wisconsin, Madison ED HARLOW, Harvard Medical School KENNETH H. KELLER, University of Minnesota RANDALL MURCH, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University GREGORY A. PETSKO, Brandeis University MURIEL E. POSTON, Skidmore College JAMES REICHMAN, University of California, Santa Barbara MARC T. TESSIER-LAVIGNE, Genentech, Inc. JAMES TIEDJE, Michigan State University TERRY L. YATES, University of New Mexico FRANCES SHARPLES, Director vii Dedicated to Non-Human-Like Life Forms, Wherever They Are Preface As the search for life in the solar system expands, it is important to know what exactly to search for. Previous life-detection experiments have been criticized for being too geocentric. This study aims to inform research pro- gram managers, policymakers, and mission designers about the possibilities for life on other solar system bodies. Further, during planetary protection exercises at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), questions concerning the possibility of nonterrana life recur repeatedly. Remarkably little knowledge is organized that might shed light on the plausibility of bizarre life as a concern for planetary protection. The search for signs of life, present or past, is an important goal of NASA’s robotic solar system exploration programs and, ultimately, for its astronomical programs designed to probe the gross characteristics of extrasolar planetary systems. To date, that search has been governed by a model of life that is based on the life that we know on Earth—terran life. Several features of terran life have attracted particular focus: • Terran life uses water as a solvent; • It is built from cells and exploits a metabolism that focuses on the carbonyl group (C " O); • It is thermodynamically dissipative, exploiting chemical-energy gradients; and • It exploits a two-biopolymer architecture that uses nucleic acids to perform most genetic functions and proteins to perform most catalytic functions. As a consequence, most of NASA’s mission planning is focused on locations where liquid water is possible, and it emphasizes searches for structures that resemble cells of terran organisms, small molecules that might be the products of carbonyl metabolism, particular kinds of chemical-energy gradients, and tests for amino acids and nucleotides similar to those found in terrestrial proteins and DNA. This approach is defensible given the absence of a general understanding of how life might appear if it had an origin independent of Earth. Experiments in the laboratory, however, are suggesting that life might be based on molecular structures substantially different from aThe Committee on the Limits of Organic Life in Planetary Systems uses the term “terran” to denote a particular set of biological and chemical characteristics that are displayed by all life on Earth. Thus “Earth life” has the same meaning as “terran life” when the committee is discussing life on Earth, but if life were discovered on Mars or any other nonterrestrial body, it might be found to be terran or nonterran, depending on its characteristics. ix

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