The Languages of the Soviet Union

170 Pages·1981·9.077 MB·

by  Bernard Comrie

THELANGUAGE SOFTHE
SOVIET UNION
CAMBRIDGE LANGUAGES URVEYS THE LANGUAGES
GenerEadli torWs.,S idnAelyi eBn.C, o mriCe.J. . F illmore, OF THE SOVIETU NION
E.J .A .H enderFso.Wn ..H ousehoRl.dL ears,Js ..L yons,
R.B .L eP agPe.,H .M attheFw.Rs .,P almRe.rP ,o sner,
J.L .M .T rim
Thisn ews eriweisl olf fer generaaclc ounotfsa ltlh em ajor language
familiofet sh ew orldS.o mev olumewsi lble o rganisoend a purelgye netic
busiost.h erosn a geographbiacsailws h,i chevyeire ltdhse m ostc onvenient
BERNARD COMRIE
andi ntelligible igner aocuhcp aisnegS. o metimeassw, i tht heA ustralian
volumet,h et woi na nyc asceo incide. AssocPiraotfee osfsL oirn guistics
Eachv olumwei lclo mparaen dc ontratshtet ypologifceaalt uroefts h e
UniverosfSi otuyt hCearlni fornia
languagietds e alwsi thI.tw ilall so ttrheear te levagnetn etriecl ationships,
histordiecvaell opmeanntd.s ociolingiusissutaeirsci sifnrgo mt heirro laen d
usei nt hew orltdo dayT.h ei ntendreeda dersihsit ph es tudeonftl inguistics
org enerlailn guibsuttn. o specikanlo wledogfet hel anguaguensd er
consideraitsai sosnu meSdo.m ev olumewsi lall shoa vea widearp pealli,k e
thosoen AustralanidaN orthA mericwah.e rteh ef uturoeft hel anguages
andt heisrp eakerrasi siemsp ortasnotc iaanld p olitiicsaslu es.
AIrc.1pduyb lished:
Thel anguagoefAs u stralRi.aM . W.D ixon
Forthcomitnigt liensc lude:
Japanese/KoMr.e aSnh ib;lfilaln1dHi o -milSlo hn
Chines1e.N ormilnu ndM eiT su-fin
S.E .A siaJ .A .M iltisofT
DnlVidiaRn. E. Asher
AustronesRi.aB n/ ust
Afro-AsiaRt.Hi ecl zron
North AmeriIcnadni aW.n Chafe
MesoamericIannd ia1.n A .S uarez
SlavonRi.cS ussex
GermaniRc. Lass
CeiliD.c M<lcAu/e:JlYi ll.
Indo-AryCa nP .M usic<I
Balkan1.s E llis
Creollea nguagIe.s HF<l.nc ock
Romancel anguagRe.sP osner
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge
LondonN ewY orkN ew RochellMee lbourneS ydney
Publishbeydt heP re"S'y'n'd icaotrte h eU l1I..lv tcyr C oafm bridge
CONTENTS
TheP iuB uidling,T rumplngtonS treeCtu,m bndge(" »t2R P
32E lIst5 7thS treet,Y oNrekNwY, 1 0022U,S A
296lk tcon..fi elPda rncleM,L ddlPea rkM,e lbour3n2e0 6A.u stralia
Firsptu b..lh ie d1 9K1
PrintiendG reaBtr ilUailnt heU niversPirteys Csa,m bridge
BritiUshhr urCyl lflI/oigllPllu ibllligc llDlIiIo(;Jl l
Tub/cs viii
ComricO,c rnard
Preface xi
Thel anguagoerts he
Abbreviations XI'
SovieUtn ion.
Noteosn t ranscription xvi
I.R ussi-,L\a nguagse
I.T itl1e1 H.e wi\8t,.G .I llP.a yneJ.o hnR . Map oft hep eoploefst heU. S.S.R. xviii
409..47 PJI8ntd.etRxo88 m 0a4-p9 861 xxi
ISII0N 5 2123230h9a rdc overs
ISIIN0 5212 98776 apperbcak Introduction
1.1 Languagaen de thnigcr oupc:e nsusst atistics 2
1.2 Classificaotfti ohnel anguagoefts h eU .S.RS . 9
1.2.1G enetcilca ssification 10
1.2.2T ypologicclaals sification 11
1.2·3S ociologcilcaasls ification 15
1.A2 Historibcaaclk ground 19
I.J Languagpeo licy 21
1.3[· Pre-Revolutipoonlaircyy 21
1·3·2S ovipeotl icy 22
I..JJ Autonomouasd ministruantiitvse 29
14. Thei nfluenocfeR ussian JI
Furthreera ding J7
2 Altaic languages 39
21. Thei ndividluaanlg uages 42
2.1.1T urkilca nguages 42
2.[ .2 Mongolilaann guages 54
2·1.3T ungusliacn guages 57
2.2 Phonology 59
2·3 Morphologiscta'lr ucatnudrc ea tegories 71
2A Syntax 77
Textisn A ltaliac nguages 85
Contents VI Contents vii
Tatatre xt 85 5.) Morphology 207
BurY:!llext 87 5-4 Syntax 222
Orokt exl 89 Textisn C aucasilaann guages 2)1
Furthreera ding 90 Georgiatne xt 2)1
Abkhatz ext 2))
3 Uralliacn guages 92 Avart ext 2)5
).1T hei ndividluaanlg uages 95 Furthreera ding 2)6
).1.B1a lto-Filnannigcu ages 95
).1.2L app 101 6 Paleosin bearinado thlearn guages
).1.)V olgaliacn guages 102 6.1 Chukotko-Kamchaltaknagnu ages
)·1.4P ermilca nguages ID) 6.2 Eskimo-Alleaunlg uages
).1·5U grilca nguages 105 6.) Yukagir
).1.6S amoyedliacn guages 107 6-4 Ket
).2 Phonology '09 6.5 Nivkh
).) Morphologisctarlu ctaunrdec ategories 117 6.6 Aramai(cA ssyrian)
J.4 Syntax 120 6.7 Dungan
Textisn U ralilca nguages 1)6 TeXIiSn P aleosibclrainagnu ages
Estonitaenx t 1)6 Chukchtie xt
Khanttye x(tV akhdi alect) 1)8 Yukagitre xt
Selkutpe xt 1)9 Nivkht ext
Furthreera ding '40 Furthreera ding
4 Indo-Eurloapenagnu ages 142 Appendi[x Ethniacn dl inguicsotmipco sitoifot nh eU .S.RS..a ccorditnotg h e
4·1 TheI ndo-Europfeaamni liynt heU .S.S.R. 142 1970c ensus 279
4.2 Balto-Slavloannigcu ages '42 Appendi2x Ethniacd ministraarteiavosef lheU .S.S.R. 282
4.2.1S lavonliacn guages '44 Appendi)x Alphabeotfst hel anguagoefts h eU .S.S.R. 286
4·2.2B altliacn guages 146
4·) lndo-Iranliaanngu ages '55 References 290
4·)·1I ndi(cI ndo-Arylaann)g uages '55 AddendumR:e cen.t'i tillfiisntIdii ctsc mlllrc )01
4·)·2I ranilaann guages 158 Lwguugei ndex )04
4·4 Armenian '79 Subjeicntd ex )15
4·5 Germanilca nguages 184
4.6 Romancle anguages 187
Textisn I ndo-Europleaanng uagoefts h eU .S.S.R. 189
Lithuantieaxnt 189
Tadzhitke xt 191
Armeniatne xl '92
Furthrecra ding '94
5 Caucasliaanng uages 196
5·1 Thei ndividluaanlg uagaensdt heisru bgrouping 196
5.2 Phonology 200
Tables IX
SA Consonasnyts teomf U bykh 202
TABLES
5·5 Consonasnyt steomft heB zhedudgi aleocfAt d yge 204
5.6 Vowels yste(mi ndudidnigp hthonogfsL )o wlanCdh echen 205
5·7 Locaticvaes eisnt heK ubachdii aleocfDt a rgva 210
6.1 Consonasnyts teomfC hukchi 243
6.2V erbf ormisn A leut diaolfte hcetU s. S.S.R. 253
6.) Verba greemeanntd f ocuisnY ukagi(rp astte nsfeo rms) 259
604O bstruesnyts teomfN ivkh( Amurd ialect) 267
A.I Russia(nC yrilallipch)a bet 286
A.2 Chukchtie xitn c urre(nCty rilolritch)o graphy 287
1.1 Morphologitcyaplo loogfyL ithuaniaanndT atar I) A.) ModernA rmeniaanl phabet 288
2.J Singulpaerr sonparlo nounisn A ltaiUcr,a liIcn,d o�ElIropaenadn . AA Armeniatne xitn c urreonrtt hography 289
Chukotko-Kamchatkan 4r A·5 ModernG eorgiaanl phab(emt xedru/i) 289
2.2 Geneticcl assifiocfam toidoenr n Turlkaincg uages 46 A.6 Georgiatne xitn c urreonrtt hography 289
2.3 Geneticcl assificoaftt ihoeTn u ngusliacn guages 58
2-4 Kirgiz vqouwaelli styys tem 60
2.5 IllustraotfiK oinrsg ivzo wehla rmony 61
2.6 IllustraotfiA oznesr baydzvhoawne hla rmony 62
2.7 Evveonw esly stem 70
2.8E venkvio wesly stem 7I
2.9 IllustraotfEi voenn kdie clension 72
2.10I llustraotfiE ovnensk cio njugation 72
3.I Geneticcl assificaotfti hoen Uralic languages 94
3.2 Consonant graidnaK tairoenl ian 114
3-3 Subjeacgtr eemeinnEt s tonian [25
3.4 Indefiniotbej eacnt dd efiniotbej eccotn jugatiinoH nusn garia1n2 6
3-5 Definitaen di ndefinciotnej ugatiofoM nasn sit ec'-eat' 126
3.6E rzya-Mordvvear fbo rm(sp astte nsoefk und'-catcshh'o)w insgu bject
ando bjecatg reement 127
4.I Branchoefst heI ndo-Europfeaamni l(ym odernl anguages) 143
4.2 Streasnsd t onei nL ithuandieacnl ension ISO
4.3E uropean diaolfRe ocmtasn y 158
4-4G enetic classioffim coadteiroInnr anilaann guages 161
4.5 Declensiofnoarlmo sf Osse(tIer ons);} 'rh ead' 172
4.6 Indicatvievrebf ormisn K urdisohf A zerbaydzhan '74
4.7 Declensiofnoarlmo sf A rmeniabn� 1n'w ordt,h ing' 181
5.1G eneticcl assificoaftt ihoeCn a ucasilaann guages 197
5.2 Consonasnyts teomfG eorgian 201
5.) Consonasnyts teomf A var 201
PREFACE
Thibso ohka tsw om aiani mfsi:r tsoit n,t rotdhurece ea dteosr o moef t hsea lient
lingufiesattiuocrf te hsve a riloaunsg uaagnedls a nguages-offta hmUei. lSi.eSs. R.;
secontdolg yi,vs eo mien dicaotfhi oownt hvea riloaunsg uaogfte hsUe . S.S.R.
interianac m tu ltilisnogcuiaeelts yp,e cioafhl olwyt heiyn terwaictRthu ssian.
ChaptI aenrtd h eea rplayr otf5su bsequcehnatp taenrsdse ctidoenapslr imawriitlhy
sociolinbgauciksgtriocwu hnidlt,eh eb odoyf t heb ookd eawlsi tsht ructural
features.
Int hseo ciolindgiusicsutsIis hcia ovtnea kefnog rr anttehdee x istoefnt chee
U. S.Sa.saRm .u ltinaatnimdou nlatli lienngtuiaatnlyd , hdaivsec utshsleea dn guage
polictiheahtsa vbee eand optientd h lei gohftt h issi tuaitnicolnu,ad citnugoa rl
implied com(poantr hiesw ohnoslf ea,v ourawbiltpeho) l icoifte hseT sarist
governmaenndpt o licaideosp tiendo themru ltilicnoguunatlrA i deisf.f erent,
thougihnt, h ceu rrpeonlti tsiictaula utniroena,l piesrtsipce cwtoiuvlheda. vb ee en
gainbeydc omparhionwgt hlea nguaignqe use stmiiognhh ta vfea riefdt heir
speakheardfs o rmiendd epenndaetnito n-osuttasttiehdsUee . S.S.R.
Thes elecotfliionng u(ipshtoinco lomgoircpahlo,l oagnisdcy anlt,a ctihca)s topics
necessbaerevinel ryry e strbiyct thneead t uorfte h veo lumRea.t htehraa nt tetmpot
givaes uperficiaolf e svuearrsvype eyoc flt a nguage sIth rauvpcert eufreer,r ed to
concentornta htoeas sep eocfti sn divildaunaglu aagnedls a nguage-tfhaamti lies
strimkee a sp articuilnatrelryea sntdii nmgp ortfarnotma generlailn guistic
viewpoFiontrth .ri esa scoonn sidesrpaabiclsfee,o i rn stadnecveo,tt oep dh oneitni cs
Chapt5e (rC aucasliaanng uagteovs o)w,e hla rmoniynC hapt2e (rA ltaic
languaagnedts o)c ,a se-maarnkdni engga tiinCo hna pt3e( rUr alliacn guages).
Likewtihsleei ,os frt e ferehnacbsee sec no nsidemroarbrele ys trtihcatne dw ould
havbee etnh cea siena s triincttr odutcott hiceoo nm parapthiivleo olfoo gnyeo r
othoefrt hlea nguage familIinge esn deirnsaorcl eu,fs esrehedan.bsc e eeg ni ven for
statemaebnotust individuaolrl alnagnugaugaeg-eftsah maaitrl eui necso n­
troverlsiikaelws;it srea,i ghtiflolruwsatrerdxa atmipvhleae vsoe f tbeene tna koenr
adaptferdos lt1a1n dhaarndd boloikssit nte hdre e ferewnictehesox uptl sitcaitte ment
Preface XII Pre£1ce xiii
oft hseo urAcpea.r ftr orme ferecnictieenstd h tee xott,h reerf ere(nic.ieents. h e Place-niantm heUes. S.Sh.aRvb.ee egni vientn h feo rums ebdyt hTei meastl aosf
Furtrheeard siencgt aitot nhesen odf e acchh aptaerdree) s igpnreidm.a rtiodl iyr.e ct thew orltdh,o uwghi tthh ea lternaMtoisvkevsa /MoIsh caovwe pretfheer red
ther eadteoro neo rm orceo mprehegnrsaimvmea orfes a cohf t hle anguages lattFeorr.n ameosf a dministurnaittihsvo,ew evewrh,e rteh iast lsaism ply
concerpnreedf,e rbeenicgneig v teont howsrei titnme onr aec ceslsainbgluea Igne s. translittheReru astseinsaa nm eI,h avper efetrort erda nsel.agtS.eo ,u th-Ossete
additrieofne,r ehnacvbeees e gni vteong enewroarlk dse alwiintglh a ngu:a'nldg es AutonomoOubsl asrta thtehra nY ugo-OsetiAnvstkoanyoam nOabyl aa st;
langupaoglei ciinte hsUe . S.S.R.t,oh aannddb odoekasl wiintgth h e language Append2i inxc lutdhaeeps p ropnraimaietnt e h feo rfmo unidnt hTei meastlasofthe
familcioevse rBeudt.t hel isotfr efereinsec xepsl icniottcl lya imteodb e worlwdh erteh idse parratdsi cfarloltmyh feo rums ehde re.
comprehenisnip vaer,t iciunln aorti ncludlienxgi cogrampahtiecraiolar l s Folrangu(aagneedt hnniacm)e asc,c epEtnegdl tiesrhhm asv bee euns efdot rh ose
monograsptuhd oines sp ecaisfipce ocfti sn divildaunaglu ages. felwa nguoafgt ehUse. S.Sw.hRo.sn ea mesafrreeiqnuc eunrtr eanmcoynE gn glish­
Att heen odf e acchh apttheerir ases ampolfte e xitnts h lea nguadgiessc ustsoe d, speakliinngg uissutcashs, G eorgi(aRnu ssigarnu:z insLkaipjp)( ,R ussian:
givaem orgel obfauln,c tiopinciLnoUgfr t eh elsaen guaTgheets e.x htasv bee en saamskFijo)ra. l olt heJrh sa,vu es etdh set andSaorvdiR euts sinaanm es,h oronf
selecstoeldef lotyrh eiilrl ustratfirvoeam r vaanlogufese t,y (ltersa ditional stories,R ussian-sspuefficxiiefinstc ,hu es unaoln techtnriacnasll it(eir.aaseut .si eodtn h ien
Sovifiectt isocni,e ntifica nwdtr hiveti ienewgxs)p ,r eassst ehcdeo ntoefnt th etseex ts times oaftt lha\Veso rlIdn)a .d dittioro enm ovRiunsgs isaunffi xeIhs a,v ter ineodt
arneo nte cessmayro iwlny. toa ddE nglish-sspuefficxietsfiom,c a ke the tshtleea mn goufna agmee q uite
Substapnotritailoo ftn hste e xwte rwer itbtyet nw oo fm yc olleaJg.Ru .Pe asy:n e transpair.Yeeon.t(t r,a tthheaYrno tic); wphoesrseievbveletrenh , pe l ursaulffih xa s
(UniverosfBi itrym inghwaromt)se e cti4.o)n.( 2I ranliaanng uaagnedsa )l so beeonm ittTehdi.ps o lihcaybs e edni ctabtyte hdoe r ientoaftt ihobeno oaks a
prepatrheTeda dzhtiekx Bt.;G .H ewi(tStJt o hnC'osl leCgaem,b ridwgreo)t e voluomnet hlea nguaogfte hsUe . S.Sr.aRt.h tehra ans a ni ntrodutcott hieo n
Chapt5e( rC aucasian laanndcg oulalgaebsow)ri atmthee i dnt hwer itoifsnegction philoloofig nideisv ildaunaglu age-Nfoa-moiwnliiele lsh .ab pepw yi tahlt lh feo rms
4-(4 ArmeniAalonlt) h.ce hra ptaenrdss e ctiwoenrwser itbtyem ne a.n dIa lstoo ok weh avceh osewnh,i cohf tednon otc orrestpoot nhdo sues ebdy n on-Soviet
overraelslp onsfioberid liitttiyhnw egh olveo lumTeh.eg lossainndtg r ansloaft ion specia(lmiossnttos t icefaobrUl rya lliacn guagoerfs a)i,tl om akep honetic
textasn,dt hter ansloaftc iiotna tfiroonfmso reliagnng uawgeersde,o nbey t he distinctthiasotpn esc iaplriesftteomsr a intianil na ngunaagmee (sa wsi tmha ny
authooftr h ree specsteicvtei on/chapter. Caucasian laAnsgs umaaglcelos n)s.o lattoai noyno noeff endbeyda nyo ft he
Examplfersol ma nguaogfte hsUe . S.Sa.rRpe.r eseinntae cdc ordwaintctheh e spellaidnogpstI eh da,vh ea dt os acrimfiyoc wen f vao ursipteel olfiC nhgu kchee for
transcrsiypsttideoimns cuosnsp epdx. v -ixvi.iW herree levhaynpth,ea nruses ed in ChukcThhiel. a nguiangdege ixv tehsRe u ssifaonr( mt ransliftoeerra acothfte hde)
examptloie nsd icmaotrep hebmoeu ndariesn,o attl hmloo urgphh ebmoeu ndaries languoafgte hUse. S.RS.i. np arenthestehEsen agflftioesrrhm adiontp htwieosdr k.
arseoi ndic(aet.weghd.e rteh eayrn eo rte levtaotn htpe o iantit s suAe m)o.r pheme­ Inc itatfiroonomst haeurt hodrisf,f erences concerned solweilytt hr ansliteration
by-morphgelmoiesps sr oviidnetEdon gl(iwsihgt lho sosfbe osu nmdo rphemiens , havbee erne movienfd a voouftrh per incaibpolveJnes t . h lei osft refeorreingciensa,l
bloccka pitaablbsr,e viaactceodr dtiot nhgle i osntp .x v)w;h ernee cesstahriiyss, spellairneog,fcs o urrseet,a ined.
accompabnyia ef dr eterra nslation. Inp repartihinvsgo lumtehl,ea tdeestta islteadt imsattiecraailva alisl taomb el e
Thet ranslitienrtLaoat tisiocnnr oifpn ta meosfp eoppllea,c aensdl, a nguaigne s werfer otmh cee nsouf1s 9 7T0h.e sset atiasrtaeil crses aodmye whdaatt eidnt, h aat
thUe. S.Sp.rRe.s einmtmse npsreo bleamnsdn. oo nes ystdeemv ihsaemsde tw ith furtcheenrsw uascs a rroiueitdn1 9 79b,ua tst hdee taiblreeda kdoofwtnrh eetuorfn s
univearcscaelp tIantn hcpeer .e sweonrttk h feo llopwriancgt hiacvbeees e and opted. this caernuesn ulsi kLeObl eay v ailfaobrl es omeI h yaevcaeor nst,i ntuoue sdte h e
Russifaanm inlaym ehsa vbee etnr ansliatcecroarttdeoitd nh Igen ternatsiyosntaelm presteenntts oer efteotr h sei tuaatsmi iornr oirnte hd1e 9 7r0e turns.
(sepe.2 86f)a,m inlaym eosf o thepre oploefts h eU .S.Sa.cRc.o rdtiotn hge My interienws rti ttihnigbs o oakr olsaer gferloyam p rojoenct th lei nguistic
translitoeftr haRetu isosnif aonro mft heniarm ew;h erteh idsi ffferrotsmh feo rm typoloofgtynhoen -Slalvaonngiuca gtehVse. So.RfS. s.,u ppordtuerdi1 n9g7 5b-y8
actuaglilvyeo nn t het itplaeg oef a booko ra rtitchleea ,c tufaolr mo,ra thSeo ciSacli eRnecsee aCrocuhn cLioln,d oBn.G: . H ewiatntdJ .R .P aynael so
translittehreartieiasoop fnp, e nidnes dq uabrrea ckWehtesr.te h oen lrye ferbeyn ce particiipnta htpiersdo jAelctth.o tuhgpehr esveonltu imsne o dti repcatrlotyft hat
ana uthuosret shL ea tsicnr itphtet,nh sipse lilrsie ntga iRnuesds.ib oaonak n da rticle projtehcmeta ,t erwiewa olr koendd uritnhgap te rihoadbs e eonfi mmenhseeli pn
titalnedcs o mmonno unasr ael scoi tientd h Ien ternatsiyosntaelm . prepatrhivinosgl umTeh.ea dministarnadt isvceis etnaotffvif afi rci ionusst iitnu tes
Preface
xiv
thUe. S.S.Rh.e lhpauevside ng athearnidan nga lymsaitnegr ointa hlle a nguaofg es
thUe. S.S.• a.nRd w ew oulldi ktoee xproeustrsh antkoms e mbeorfsl fhoel lowing ABBREVIA nONS
institutes:o fS Acciaednoecfmte yhs Ue . S.S(.LRi.n guiIsntsitciLste untien,g rad
Sectoifot nhI en stiotfLu itneg uiLsetniicnsg,Sr eacdt oifot nhO er ienItntastilute ),
TbiliSstia tUen iversSiutkyh,u mUin iversaintdy R esearIcnhs titute,
AcademofyS cienocfte hsGe e orgSi.aSn. (RL.i nguiIsntsitcistA uctaed)e,om fy
Scienocfet sh eT adzhSi.kS .(RL.a nguaagnedL iterature OIunrs titute).
particiipnea xtcihoann ge prowgirttahhm emiseness tihtaubste eesfn a cilibtya ted
thceo operaotfti hoBenr itAicsahd emtyhB,e r itish aCnodtu hnUecn iilv,e rosfi ty
Birming(hCaemn ftorRreu ssiaanndE ast EurSotpuedaiInea sma) l.s gor atleof ul
R.A usteralnidRt .Hz e tzrfooncr o mmenotnts h mea nuscript.
AB£SS Abessi(v,ew ithXo'u)t F REQ Frequentative POT Potential
Thee ditoiftn hgfie n amla nuscwraicspa tr roiuewldh iIlw ea asV isiFteilnlgio nw ABL Ablati(v,er rXo'm) FUT Future PRES Present
thDee partmoefLn itn guisticosfA, r tFtsah,cAe uu lsttyr aNlaitainoU nnailv ersity. A8S AbsoluAtbes.o lutiveG EN Genitive PRESUP Presuppositional
ACC Accusative GER Gerun(dV erbaadlv erbP)R EY Preverb
ACT Active HABIHTa bitual PROCi Progressive
BernaCrodm rie ADl Adjective HUM Human PROHIB Prohibitive
Septem'b9e7r9 ADV Adverb(ial) ILL IIlativeX '(), into PROL Prolat(i'vael Xo'n)g
AFF Affective IMPER Imperative PROTR Protracted
AFFIRM Affirmative IMPERF Imperrect PTCL Particle
ALIEN Alienapbolses essioINnA N Inanimate PURP Purposive
ALL Allal(i'vteo (waXr'd)s )IN CH Inchoative Q Question
AOR Aorist INCL Inclusive REC Recent
AUG Augmentative INDEF Indefinite RECIP Reciprocal
CAUS Causative INESSI ness(i"vXie'n ) REFL Reflexive
COL Column INFER Inrerential REL Relative
COMIT Comitat(i'v(et o- INFIN Infinitive REM Remote
gethewri)tX h' ) INSTR Instrumental RESULT Resultative
COMPAR Comparative ITER Iterative SG Singular
COND Conditional LOC Locative SIMUL Simultaneous
CONT Continuous MASC Masculine suS ubject
COP Copula N Noun SUBl Subjunctive
DAT Dative NARR Narrative SUPERL Superlative
DEF Definite NEG Negative THEM Thematsiucffi x
DIM Diminutive NEUT Neuter TRANSFORM Transrormative
DO DireOcbtj ect NOM Nominative ('madoerX ')
DU Dual 081 Object TRANS1. Translative
DYN Dynami(cN onstativOeBL) O blique ('becomXi'n)g
ELAT Elati(v,eo uortX ') OPT Optative v Verb
EMPH Emphatic PART Participle VERS Version
ERG Ergative PARTIT Partitive VN Verbanlo un
£SS Essi(v'eXa 's) PASS Passive I Firspte rson
EXCL Exclusive PERF Perrect 2 Seconpde rson
FEM FemalFee,m inine I'L Plural 3 Thirpde rson
FIN Finite PLUP Pluperrect x_v Subje(catg enXt a)c t­
FOC Focus POSS Possessive ingo no bje(cpta tieYn t)
Noteosn t nmscription xvii
NOTES ON TRANSCRIPTION J);
indicbayta enad c uatcec eonvteo rrt ot hrei gohftt h ceo nsonsaynmtb olln,e .�.
thsea mneo tatiiusos net doi ndicpaatleao traallv eolo-apratliactuawllha etrtieho en
difference amionsno gn dtihsetsi(ene c.ntg fi.ov LreP .A[.] l5]f .or I.Pc.f Ao.r [0],
I.P.[At.G ]L)a.b ialiissia ntdiiocnba yta es du persccirritcpoltte h e roiftg hhet
consonsaynmtb (oel. tgo.a) n,dp haryngalbiyas s autbisocnra isi pn!t -R,e troflex
consonaarnseth so wbnya s ubscproiipuntnt d etrhc eo rrespoanldvieno(gle a.!rg .
foLrP .AE.l ]A) m.a croovne arc onsonianndti caanit netse n(ssiepv.e2e 0 0e).,sg ..
InA rmeniaanndt h Keu rdidsiha lsepcotk ienAn r meniii an,d icaam toerisen tense
rhtoi (cu suatlrliylt lheadrn )( usuaclolnyt inuOatnhtes)rp. e cciofincv entairoen s
discuisnst ehtdee xwth erteh eoyc cur.
Exampflreoslm a nguaogfte hsUe . S.RS.t. h autst eh Lea tailnp ha(bie.Etes .t onian, The Laotritnh ograopfth hileea sn guaogfte hsUe . S.Sd.iRff.re rro tmh aeb ove
LatviLaint.h uaanripear ne)s einntt ehcdeu rroerntth ogrfaopwrhh yi.cs hcb ce low. systientm h reo llowwaiynIsgn.L ithuaen imiaisnd r, e w]h ieli eos pe[na] ;ya nda
Russieaxna mpalrepesr esenitnae cdc ordwaintctheh eI nternastyisotnoeafml arteh leo negq uivaolfei an ntdsll ; y ,e tymologiincdailclanyta isnagl isnaotwi on,
translit(esreapet. i2 o8n6 )U.n assimilloaatnefsdr omR ussiiannt oot her simply inadl iocnvagot wees(l t hUiaS n dy repretshesena tm seo undc)l;o sing
languaogfte hsUe . S.Sa.rRae.l spor eseinnta ecdc ordwaintctheh Ien ternational diphthhoanvgies,II a st heir cseocmopnodn einaetn ,dlIO aroep enidnigp hthongs;
systeamn,da res etin b loccka pit(a0ld si stintghueimsf hr omt heg eneral rort her epresenotfat toinoesn,e ep .1 48-5t1h;ea ffrica[t3e]as n d[3 ] are
transcrsiypsttideoimns cubsesleodw . represendtzed,di r eassp ectciovnesloyna;ar naetu st omatpiaclaaltlaybl eifsoerde
Althousgphe ciailnTi usrtksiF ci,n no-UIgrrainci,ea tncl,.a ,n guaugsetesh eir frovnotw ewlhsi,bl eef obraec vko wealn so pna latacloinsseodni asin ntd icaast ed
ownt ranscrsiypsttieowmnes h .a voep tehde rfeo ar u nifosryms toefmb road CV,a p alatacloinsseodn CainVt.
transcrtihprtoiuognth hobeuo to kT.h issy stiesbm a soednt haotft hAes sociation Latvihaansa distinbcettiwoenre ena] n d[ a]l.o ng and thsohuotgrhhte ,
Phonetilqnutee rnat(iLoPn.aAbl.ue)t w, i tsho med eviatfiootrnh sfe o llowing orthogruanpdheyr differentiawtiettshhq euoasnlyeimtbaeot;0l i i vseaolnpy e ning
reasotnhsLe:P .As.y stiesnm o tw elald aptteotd r anscraifbfirnigc ates, diphth[ounoge] x,c eipnst o mleo anlso;nv go wealrsme a rkbeyda m acr(oen. igf.) ; somoef
whicahr eex tremferleyq uientn htle a nguagtehsUe . oSf. Si.nRs .o;m ien stances. closdiinpgh thhoanvgies,II ast hesierc ocnodm ponefnottrh; re e presenotfa tion
absenocfde e taiplheodn eitnifco rmahtailsoe unds t ou saes omewhlaetss pse cific tonsee,pe . 1 5I ;d za ndd ir epretsheaenf tf ri[c3aa]tne d[s 3 r]e spectpiavlealtya;l
transcr(iep.itgnin. oo ndt i stingupiaslhafitrnaoglpm a lataallivseeodwl eah ra)v;e consonaarnietn sd icbayta ce edd iil.l�ea,.,1] ¥ ,t, f, ( thlea nsotit nt hceu rrSeonvti et
usesdo msey mbotlobs r itnhgte r anslitmeorriaent tilooi nwn iet ohr thograopfh ies orthography).
thUe. S.Sa.nRds. p ecitarlainsstc riopft itohnes langudaigsec-ufsaTsmheiedl .i es InE stoniaa rne,p resIe.nPt.s[A v.] c;l osidnigp hthohnagvste h esierc ond
follodweipnagr tfurroeIms. P.sAh.o ubledn oted. componseynmtb olii,su e;pd a lataliiss(a rtaitomhnae rrg inaplhloyn)e mfiocr
Morfer ovnatl uoefvs o we(lisf. reo.on rtc,e ntrrealla ttobi avceak r)ie n dicbayt ed dentals/atlhvoeuonglohart re sp,r esientn htoeer dt hogrtahpoehr yt;h ograalpshoy
ad iaer(eis.iiie =s . l .P.[Ay.)a n.d l ikewIiVfs oe[r 4 ]T)h.el .P.cAe.n tvroawle l underdifferentiates betweleonna gn do verlsoenggm e(nstepsep 1 .1 5-16).
symbo[lis][ ,�a ]r eu seadl sfoo bra ck-of-ucnernoturnavdloe wde wlhse rteh e
back/ceonptproasli itsni oonnd istiTnhcets iyvmeb.ocl lr epresae lnotwbs a ck
unrounvdoewdea ln,du av oweble twe[e0na] n d[ u]V.o welle ngitsih n dicbayt ed
doubltihnvego wel-sstirgbenysa, sn a cuatcec eonntt h set revsosweedVl i .n dicaa tes
reducveodw ePlh.a ryngaliisis nadtiicobanyt a es du bscrei.pggt..V . o wewlist h
retratcotnegdru oeot ta kes uab scproiipnett. ,g� ..C losdiinpgh thhoanvgtesh eir
secocnodm ponreenptr esaesnj to erwd r athtehrai no ru .
Focronnsaolnsw,eu ssef oIr. P.[AJa.]n d.t f oLrP .A[.3 C]o.r onaaflf riacraet es
indicaastf eodl locwf so:[r t sJ] f,o [rd zc) f,o [rt nJ.f o[rd 3PJa.l ataliissa tion
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C North-OsseteA SSR z 156 'l
D Karachay-Cherkes AO MONGOLIA
E Abkhaz ASSR
F Adyge AO
G South-Ossete AO
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