The Laboratory Swine, Second Edition PDF
Preview The Laboratory Swine, Second Edition
K10783_Cover 1/19/10 11:07 AM Page 2 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K The Laboratory SWINE Second Edition Peter J. A. Bollen Axel K. Hansen Aage K. Olsen Alstrup A Volume in The Laboratory Animal Pocket Reference Series Composite A Volume in The Laboratory Animal Pocket Reference Series The Laboratory SWINE Second Edition The Laboratory Animal Pocket Reference Series Series Editor Mark A. Suckow, D.V.M. Freimann Life Science Center University of Notre Dame South Bend, Indiana Published Titles The Laboratory Canine The Laboratory Cat The Laboratory Guinea Pig The Laboratory Hamster and Gerbil The Laboratory Mouse The Laboratory Nonhuman Primate The Laboratory Rabbit, Second Edition The Laboratory Rat The Laboratory Small Ruminant The Laboratory Swine, Second Edition The Laboratory Xenopus sp. A Volume in The Laboratory Animal Pocket Reference Series The Laboratory SWINE Second Edition Peter J. A. Bollen University of Southern Denmark Odense, Denmark Axel K. Hansen University of Copenhagen Denmark Aage K. Olsen Alstrup Aarhus University Hospital Denmark CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2010 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-1530-4 (Ebook-PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com contents preface ...........................................................................................xi authors ........................................................................................xiii 1 important biological features ..................................................1 breeds ....................................................................................1 The Landrace ....................................................................3 The Yorkshire, or Large White ...........................................3 The Duroc .........................................................................3 The Hampshire .................................................................4 The Piétrain ......................................................................5 Other Breeds ....................................................................5 Hybrid Breeds ...................................................................5 Miniature Breeds ..............................................................6 The Vietnamese Potbelly Pig..............................................6 The Ossabaw Island Hog ...................................................6 Nomenclature ...................................................................6 behavior .................................................................................8 anatomical and physiological features ....................................9 Integument and Skeleton ..................................................9 Digestive System .............................................................10 Abdominal Organs ..........................................................10 Cardiovascular System ...................................................10 Pulmonary System..........................................................11 Lymphatic and Endocrine System ...................................11 normative values ..................................................................11 v vi contents 2 husbandry ............................................................................15 housing ................................................................................15 environmental conditions .....................................................17 Temperature and Humidity .............................................18 Ventilation ......................................................................18 Illumination ....................................................................19 Noise ...............................................................................19 environmental enrichment ...................................................19 Group Housing ...............................................................19 Individual Housing .........................................................20 nutrition ...............................................................................21 Nutrient Requirements ....................................................21 Feeding Levels ................................................................22 sanitation .............................................................................24 Frequency .......................................................................24 Methods ..........................................................................25 transportation ......................................................................25 record keeping ......................................................................26 securing welfare ...................................................................26 3 management and quality assurance .....................................29 microbiological monitoring ...................................................29 Infections in Swine and Their Impact on Experiments .....29 Pathological Changes, Clinical Disease, and Mortality ...29 Immunomodulation ...................................................30 Physiological Modulation ...........................................30 Competition between Microorganisms within the Animal ......................................................................30 Interference with Reproduction ..................................31 Interference with Oncogenesis ...................................31 Contamination of Biological Products ........................31 Impact of the Normal Flora ........................................31 Zoonotic Diseases ...........................................................32 Legal Regulations ...........................................................32 Precautions to Prevent Infections ....................................34 Rederivation ..............................................................35 Barrier Protection .....................................................36 Health Monitoring .....................................................37 Common Findings in Health Monitoring ....................41 contents vii genetic monitoring ................................................................41 accreditation ........................................................................42 AAALAC International ....................................................42 ISO 9000 ........................................................................43 4 veterinary care .....................................................................45 clinical examination of swine ...............................................45 microbiological sampling ......................................................46 diseases of swine ..................................................................46 therapeutic treatment ...........................................................50 pathological examination......................................................51 anesthesia and analgesia .....................................................52 Acclimatization ...............................................................52 Clinical Examination Prior to Anesthesia ........................52 Preoperative Fasting .......................................................53 Premedication .................................................................53 Ear Vein Catheter ...........................................................56 Induction of Anesthesia ..................................................56 Endotracheal Intubation .................................................57 Cricothyrotomy ...............................................................59 Artificial Ventilation ........................................................59 Thermal Support ............................................................60 Maintenance of Anesthesia .............................................60 Inhalation Anesthesia .....................................................60 Halothane .................................................................60 Isoflurane ..................................................................61 Desflurane ................................................................61 Sevoflurane ...............................................................61 Enflurane ..................................................................61 Nitrous Oxide ............................................................61 Injectable Anesthesia ......................................................62 Propofol .....................................................................62 Ketamine and Other Dissociatives .............................63 Barbiturates ..............................................................63 Adrenoreceptor (α2) Agonists .....................................64 Benzodiazepines .......................................................64 Alpha-Chloralose .......................................................64 Medetomidine-Butorphanol-Ketamine (MBK) .............64 Supplementary Analgesia ...............................................64 Fluid Infusion .................................................................65 Depth of Anesthesia ........................................................65 viii contents Monitoring during Anesthesia .........................................65 Neuromuscular Blocking Agents .....................................66 Postoperative Management ..............................................67 Clinical Signs of Postoperative Pain ................................67 Postoperative Analgesics .................................................68 Anesthetic Emergencies ..................................................69 Laryngospasm and Edema ..............................................70 euthanasia ...........................................................................71 5 experimental techniques ......................................................73 restraint ...............................................................................74 sampling techniques ............................................................75 Blood Sampling ..............................................................75 Urine and Feces ..............................................................78 Cerebrospinal Fluid ........................................................79 Bile and Pancreatic Excretions ........................................79 administration of compounds ...............................................80 basic surgical procedures .....................................................81 Catheterization ...............................................................82 The Carotid Artery and the Internal Jugular Vein .....82 The Carotid Artery ....................................................82 The Internal Jugular Vein .........................................83 The External Jugular Vein ........................................83 The Cephalic Vein .....................................................83 The Femoral Artery and Vein .....................................83 Laparotomy.....................................................................84 Portal Vein Cannulation ............................................84 The Hepatic Vein .......................................................84 The Pancreatic Duct ..................................................84 Exteriorization of Catheters ............................................85 Catheter Sizes and Material ............................................85 Catheter Maintenance .....................................................86 safety testing of chemicals and drugs ...................................86 Dermal Toxicology ..........................................................86 Acute and Chronic Systemic Toxicology ..........................87 necropsy ...............................................................................90 Equipment ......................................................................90 Preservation....................................................................92 Procedure .......................................................................92 special issues regarding gene-modified swine .......................93 contents ix 6 resources ..............................................................................95 associations .........................................................................95 books ...................................................................................99 journals ..............................................................................100 internet resources ..............................................................103 swine and diet, and equipment ...........................................103 Miniature Swine Resources ..........................................104 Diet Resources ..............................................................104 references ...................................................................................107 index ..........................................................................................119
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