THE JEWISH ANNOTATED NEW TESTAMENT New Revised Standard Version THE JEWISH ANNOTATED NEW TESTAMENT New Revised Standard Version Bible Translation Amy-Jill Levine and Marc Zvi Brettler Editors Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2011 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 http://www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. New Revised Standard Version Bible copyright © 1989 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. Up to five hundred (500) verses of the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) Bible text may be quoted or reprinted without the express written permission of the publisher, provided that the verses quoted neither amount to a complete book of the Bible nor account for 50 % or more of the written text of the total work in which they are quoted. When the NRSV text is quoted, notice of copyright must appear on the title or copyright page of the work as follows: The Scripture quotations contained herein are from the New Revised Standard Version Bible, copyright © 1989 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A., and are used by permission. All rights reserved. When quotations from the NRSV text are used in non-saleable media, such as church bulletins, orders of service, posters, transparencies, or similar media, the initials (NRSV) may be used at the end of each quotation. Quotations or reprints in excess of five hundred (500) verses (as well as other permission requests) must be approved in writing by the NRSV Permissions Office, The National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A., 475 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10115-0050. Portions of the informational annotations for Luke and 2 Corinthians are based on those in The New Oxford Annotated Bible, fourth edition. Copyright © 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Used by permission. Part of the essay “Jewish History, 331 BCE – 135 CE” is adapted from “Introduction to the Apocrypha” in The Oxford Bible Commentary. Copyright © 2001 by Oxford University Press. Used by permission. Design and typesetting by 2Krogh AS, Denmark. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in the USA EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS Alan J. Avery-Peck – The Second Letter of Paul to the Corinthians Herbert Basser – The Letter of James Daniel Boyarin – Logos, A Jewish Word: John’s Prologue as Midrash Marc Zvi Brettler, Editor – The New Testament between the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and Rabbinic Literature Jonathan Brumberg-Kraus – The Third Letter of John Shaye J. D. Cohen – The Letter of Paul to the Galatians; Judaism and Jewishness; Josephus Michael Cook – The Letter of Paul to the Philippians Pamela Eisenbaum – The Letter to the Hebrews Michael Fagenblat – The Concept of Neighbor in Jewish and Christian Ethics Charlotte Elisheva Fonrobert – Judaizers, Jewish Christians, and Others David Frankfurter – The Revelation to John David M. Freidenreich – Food and Table Fellowship Julie Galambush – The Second Letter of John Aaron M. Gale – The Gospel According to Matthew Joshua D. Garroway – Ioudaios Barbara Geller – The Letter of Paul to Philemon Gary Gilbert – The Acts of the Apostles Martin Goodman – Jewish History, 331 BCE–135 CE Leonard Greenspoon – The Septuagint Michael R. Greenwald – The Second Letter of Peter; The Canon of the New Testament Adam Gregerman – The Second Letter of Paul to the Thessalonians Maxine Grossman – The Letter of Paul to the Ephesians; The Dead Sea Scrolls Susannah Heschel – Jesus in Modern Jewish Thought Martha Himmelfarb – Afterlife and Resurrection Tal Ilan – The Second Letter of Paul to Timothy Andrew S. Jacobs – The Letter of Jude Jonathan Klawans – The Law Naomi Koltun-Fromm – The First Letter of Paul to Timothy Jennifer L. Koosed – The Letter of Paul to Titus Ross S. Kraemer – Jewish Family Life in the First Century CE Shira Lander – The First Letter of Paul to the Corinthians Daniel R. Langton – Paul in Jewish Thought Rebecca Lesses – Divine Beings David B. Levenson – Messianic Movements Amy-Jill Levine, Editor – The Gospel According to Luke; Bearing False Witness: Common Errors Made about Early Judaism Lee I. Levine – The Synagogue Martin Lockshin – Jesus in Medieval Jewish Tradition Michele Murray – The First Letter of John Mark D. Nanos – The Letter of Paul to the Romans; Paul and Judaism Adele Reinhartz – The Gospel According to John David Fox Sandmel – The First Letter of Paul to the Thessalonians David Satran – Philo of Alexandria Daniel R. Schwartz – Jewish Movements of the New Testament Period Naomi Seidman – Translation of the Bible Claudia Setzer – The First Letter of Peter; Jewish Responses to Believers in Jesus David Stern – Midrash and Parables in the New Testament Geza Vermes – Jewish Miracle Workers in the Late Second Temple Period Burton L. Visotzky – Jesus in Rabbinic Tradition Lawrence M. Wills – The Gospel According to Mark Peter Zaas – The Letter of Paul to the Colossians CONTENTS The Editors’ Preface Acknowledgments To the Reader Alphabetical Listing of the Books of the New Testament Abbreviations The New Testament Matthew … … … … . Introduction and Annotations by Aaron M. Gale Mark … … … … … . . Introduction and Annotations by Lawrence M. Wills Luke … … … … … . . Introduction and Annotations by Amy-Jill Levine John… … … … … … Introduction and Annotations by Adele Reinhartz Acts of the Apostles… Introduction and Annotations by Gary Gilbert Romans … … … … . . Introduction and Annotations by Mark D. Nanos 1 Corinthians … … … Introduction and Annotations by Shira Lander 2 Corinthians … … … Introduction and Annotations by Alan J. Avery-Peck Galatians … … … … . Introduction and Annotations by Shaye J. D. Cohen Ephesians … … … … Introduction and Annotations by Maxine Grossman Philippians … … … . . Introduction and Annotations by Michael Cook Colossians… … … … Introduction and Annotations by Peter Zaas