The Intra-Group Dimensions of Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka: Learning to Read between the Lines PDF
Preview The Intra-Group Dimensions of Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka: Learning to Read between the Lines
International Political Economy Series General Editor: Timothy M. Shaw, Professor of Commonwealth Governance and Development, and Director of the Institute of Commonwealth Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London Titles include: Pradeep Agrawal, Subir V. Gokarn, Veena Mishra, Kirit S. Parikh and Kunal Sen POLICY REGIMES AND INDUSTRIAL COMPETITIVENESS A Comparative Study of East Asia and India Roderic Alley THE UNITED NATIONS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND THE SOUTH PACIFIC Dick Beason and Jason James THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF JAPANESE FINANCIAL MARKETS Myths versus Reality Mark Beeson COMPETING CAPITALISMS Australia, Japan and Economic Competition in Asia-Pacific Deborah Bräutigam CHINESE AID AND AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT Exporting Green Revolution Kenneth D. Bush THE INTRA-GROUP DIMENSIONS OF ETHNIC CONFLICT IN SRI LANKA Learning to Read between the Lines Steve Chan, Cal Clark and Danny Lam (editors) BEYOND THE DEVELOPMENTAL STATE East Asia’s Political Economies Reconsidered Abdul Rahman Embong STATE-LED MODERNIZATION AND THE MIDDLE CLASS IN MALAYSIA Dong-Sook Shin Gills RURAL WOMEN AND TRIPLE EXPLOITATION IN KOREAN DEVELOPMENT Jeffrey Henderson (editorr) INDUSTRIAL TRANSFORMATION IN EASTERN EUROPE IN THE LIGHT OF THE EAST ASIAN EXPERIENCE Takashi Inoguchi GLOBAL CHANGE A Japanese Perspective Dominic Kelly JAPAN AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF EAST ASIA L. H. M. Ling POSTCOLONIAL INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Conquest and Desire between Asia and the West Pierre P. Lizée PEACE, POWER AND RESISTANCE IN CAMBODIA Global Governance and the Failure of International Conflict Resolution S. Javed Maswood JAPAN IN CRISIS Ananya Mukherjee Reed PERSPECTIVES ON THE INDIAN CORPORATE ECONOMY Exploring the Paradox of Profits CORPORATE CAPITALISM IN CONTEMPORARY SOUTH ASIA (editorr) Conventional Wisdoms and South Asian Realities Cecilia Ng POSITIONING WOMEN IN MALAYSIA Class and Gender in an Industrializing State Ian Scott (editorr) INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE AND THE POLITICAL TRANSITION IN HONG KONG Mark Turner (editorr) CENTRAL–LOCAL RELATIONS IN ASIA-PACIFIC Convergence and Divergence? Fei-Ling Wang INSTITUTIONS AND INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE IN CHINA Premodernity and Modernization International Political Economy Series Series Standing Order ISBN 978-0-333-71708-0 hardcover Series Standing Order ISBN 978-0-333-71110-1 paperback (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England The Intra-Group Dimensions of Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka Learning to Read between the Lines Kenneth D. Bush Assistant Professor of Conflict Studies St Paul University Ottawa Canada © Kenneth D. Bush 2003 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003 978-0-333-71456-0 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2003 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-40340-0 ISBN 978-0-230-59782-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230597822 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bush, Kenneth D., 1961– The intra-group dimensions of ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka : learning to read between the lines / Kenneth D. Bush. p. cm. – (International political economy series) 1. Sri Lanka–Politics and government–1978- 2. Tamil (Indic people)–Sri Lanka–Politics and government. 3. Sri Lanka–Ethnic relations. I. Title. II. Series. DS489.84.B87 2003 954.9303’2–dc21 2003050454 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 For Brennan and For Thiruvan, Kabir, Robinston, Nawshaat, Dulekshan, Shiphra, Pravin, Janavee, Ajanthan, Karoon, Shantini, Iphran, Vijayakanth, Shivakumari, Zhawulhuk, Pamila, and Munaz and all the other children who have been touched by militarized violence in Sri Lanka That they might come to know the full blue of this chameleonizing Batticaloa sky and become innocent again quickened into verb pure verb This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Tables ix List of Figures x List of Abbreviations xi Acknowledgements xiii Preface xvii Map of Sri Lanka xx Part I Introduction 1 1 Beyond Billiard Ball Analysis 3 Identity and security 3 Rethinking identity 6 Linking security and identity 7 2 Learning to Read between the Lines 10 Patterns of violence 11 Methodology 12 3 An Overview of Sri Lankan Politics 29 Introduction to Sri Lanka 29 Axes of identity 45 On powerful neighbors 70 Part II Critical Junctures 73 4 Critical Juncture I: 1948 Independence and the 75 Disenfranchisement of the Plantation Tamils The context 75 The episode 76 Model I 77 Model II 81 5 Critical Juncture II: 1956 Election and the Premiership of 84 S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike The context 84 The episode 88 Model I 90 Model II 90 vii viii Contents 6 Critical Juncture III: 1971 JVP Insurrection and 1987 JVP 99 Resurgence 1971 JVP insurrection 100 1987 JVP resurgence 103 7 Critical Juncture IV: 1983 Riots 118 The context 118 The episode 123 Model I 125 Model II 127 8 Critical Juncture V: 1987 Indo-Sri Lanka 135 Agreement The context 136 The immediate pre-agreement political–military landscape 141 The episode 144 The intra-group dimension of an inter-group alliance 146 Model I 147 Model II 152 9 Critical Juncture VI: February 2002 Ceasefire 156 Agreement (CFA) The context 157 The episode 161 Model I 162 Model II 163 Conclusion 175 Part III Conclusion 177 10 Fitting the Pieces Together 179 Summary of critical junctures 179 Accounting for differences in levels and patterns of violent conflict 183 The theoretical contribution of this study 194 Conclusion 201 Notes 204 Bibliography 245 Index 261 List of Tables 3.1 Demographic composition of the Northern and 40 Eastern Provinces (1981) 5.1 Results of the 1956 general elections 88 ix
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