The Intel Microprocessors

945 Pages·2008·8.897 MB·English

by  Barry B. Brey

THE INTEL MICROPROCESSORS
8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386,
80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro Processor,
Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4, and Core2
with 64-Bit Extensions
Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing
Eighth Edition
BARRY B. BREY
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
Columbus, Ohio
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Brey, Barry B.
The Intel microprocessors 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium
Pro processor, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4, and Core2 with 64-bit extensions:
architecture, programming, and interfacing / Barry B. Brey—8th ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-13-502645-8
1. Intel 80xxx series microprocessors. 2. Pentium (Microprocessor) 3. Computer interfaces.
I. Title.
QA76.8.I292B75 2009
004.165—dc22
2008009338
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ISBN–13: 978–0–13–502645–8
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This text is dedicated to my progenies, Brenda (the programmer) and Gary (the
veterinarian technician), and to my constant four-legged companions: Romy,
Sassy, Sir Elton, Eye Envy, and Baby Hooter.
iii
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PREFACE
This practical reference text is written for students who require a thorough knowledge of pro-
gramming and interfacing of the Intel family of microprocessors. Today, anyone functioning or
striving to function in a field of study that uses computers must understand assembly language
programming, a version of C language, and interfacing. Intel microprocessors have gained wide,
and at times exclusive, application in many areas of electronics, communications, and control
systems, particularly in desktop computer systems. A major addition to this eighth edition
explains how to interface C/C++ using Visual C++ Express, which is a free download from
Microsoft, with assembly language for both the older DOS and the Windows environments.
Many applications include Visual C++ as a basis for learning assembly language using the inline
assembler. Updated sections that detail new events in the fields of microprocessors and micro-
processor interfacing have been added.
ORGANIZATION AND COVERAGE
To cultivate a comprehensive approach to learning, each chapter begins with a set of objectives
that briefly define its content. Chapters contain many programming applications and examples
that illustrate the main topics. Each chapter ends with a numerical summary, which doubles as a
study guide, and reviews the information just presented. Questions and problems are provided
for reinforcement and practice, including research paper suggestions.
This text contains many example programs using the Microsoft Macro Assembler program
and the inline assembler in the Visual C++ environment, which provide a learning opportunity to
program the Intel family of microprocessors. Operation of the programming environment
includes the linker, library, macros, DOS function, BIOS functions, and Visual C/C++ program
development. The inline assembler (C/C++) is illustrated for both the 16- and 32-bit program-
ming environments of various versions of Visual C++. The text is written to use Visual C++
Express 2005 or 2008 as a development environment, but any version of Visual Studio can also
be used with almost no change.
This text also provides a thorough description of family members, memory systems, and
various I/O systems that include disk memory, ADC and DAC, 16550 UART, PIAs, timers, key-
board/display controllers, arithmetic coprocessors, and video display systems. Also discussed are
v
vi PREFACE
the personal computer system buses (AGP, ISA, PCI, PCI Express, USB, serial ports, and parallel
port). Through these systems, a practical approach to microprocessor interfacing can be learned.
APPROACH
Because the Intel family of microprocessors is quite diverse, this text initially concentrates on
real mode programming, which is compatible with all versions of the Intel family of micro-
processors. Instructions for each family member, which include the 80386, 80486, Pentium,
Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, and Pentium 4 processors, are compared and contrasted
with those for the 8086/8088 microprocessors. This entire series of microprocessors is very sim-
ilar, which allows more advanced versions and their instructions to be learned with the basic
8086/8088. Please note that the 8086/8088 are still used in embedded systems along with their
updated counterparts, the 80186/80188 and 80386EX embedded microprocessor.
This text also explains the programming and operation of the numeric coprocessor, MMX
extension, and the SIMD extension, which function in a system to provide access to floating-
point calculations that are important in control systems, video graphics, and computer-aided
design (CAD) applications. The numeric coprocessor allows a program to access complex
arithmetic operations that are otherwise difficult to achieve with normal microprocessor pro-
gramming. The MMX and SIMD instructions allow both integer and floating-point data to be
manipulated in parallel at very high speed.
This text also describes the pin-outs and function of the 8086–80486 and all versions of the
Pentium microprocessor. First, interfacing is explained using the 8086/8088 with some of the
more common peripheral components. After explaining the basics, a more advanced emphasis is
placed on the 80186/80188, 80386, 80486, and Pentium through Pentium 4 microprocessors.
Coverage of the 80286, because of its similarity to the 8086 and 80386, is minimized so the
80386, 80486, and Pentium versions can be covered in complete detail.
Through this approach, the operation of the microprocessor and programming with the
advanced family members, along with interfacing all family members, provides a working and
practical background of the Intel family of microprocessors. Upon completing a course using
this text, you will be able to:
1. Develop software to control an application interface microprocessor. Generally, the software
developed will also function on all versions of the microprocessor. This software also
includes DOS-based and Windows-based applications. The main emphasis is on developing
inline assembly and C++ mixed language programs in the Windows environment.
2. Program using MFC controls, handlers, and functions to use the keyboard, video display
system, and disk memory in assembly language and C++.
3. Develop software that uses macro sequences, procedures, conditional assembly, and flow
control assembler directives that are linked to a Visual C++ program.
4. Develop software for code conversions using lookup tables and algorithms.
5. Program the numeric coprocessor to solve complex equations.
6. Develop software for the MMX and SIMD extensions.
7. Explain the differences between the family members and highlight the features of each member.
8. Describe and use real and protected mode operation of the microprocessor.
9. Interface memory and I/O systems to the microprocessor.
10. Provide a detailed and comprehensive comparison of all family members and their software
and hardware interfaces.
11. Explain the function of the real-time operating system in an embedded application.
12. Explain the operation of disk and video systems.
13. Interface small systems to the ISA, PCI, serial ports, parallel port, and USB bus in a personal
computer system.
PREFACE vii
CONTENT OVERVIEW
Chapter 1introduces the Intel family of microprocessors with an emphasis on the microprocessor-
based computer system: its history, operation, and the methods used to store data in a
microprocessor-based system. Number systems and conversions are also included. Chapter 2
explores the programming model of the microprocessor and system architecture. Both real and
protected mode operations are explained.
Once an understanding of the basic machine is grasped, Chapters 3 through 6 explain how
each instruction functions with the Intel family of microprocessors. As instructions are
explained, simple applications are presented to illustrate the operation of the instructions and
develop basic programming concepts.
Chapter 7introduces the use of Visual C/C++ Express with the inline assembler and sepa-
rate assembly language programming modules. It also explains how to configure Visual C++
Express for use with assembly language applications.
After the basis for programming is developed, Chapter 8 provides applications using the
Visual C++ Express with the inline assembler program. These applications include programming
using the keyboard and mouse through message handlers in the Windows environment. Disk
filesare explained using the File class, as well as keyboard and video operations on a personal
computer system through Windows. This chapter provides the tools required to develop virtually
any program on a personal computer system through the Windows environment.
Chapter 9introduces the 8086/8088 family as a basis for learning basic memory and I/O
interfacing, which follow in later chapters. This chapter shows the buffered system as well as the
system timing.
Chapter 10explains memory interface using both integrated decoders and programmable
logic devices using VHDL. The 8-, 16-, 32-, and 64-bit memory systems are provided so the
8086–80486 and the Pentium through Pentium 4 microprocessors can be interfaced to memory.
Chapter 11 provides a detailed look at basic I/O interfacing, including PIAs, timers, the
16550 UART, and ADC/DAC. It also describes the interface of both DC and stepper motors.
Once these basic I/O components and their interface to the microprocessor are understood,
Chapters 12 and 13 provide detail on advanced I/O techniques that include interrupts and direct
memory access (DMA). Applications include a printer interface, real-time clock, disk memory,
and video systems.
Chapter 14details the operation and programming for the 8087–Pentium 4 family of arith-
metic coprocessors, as well as MMX and SIMD instructions. Today few applications function
efficiently without the power of the arithmetic coprocessor. Remember that all Intel micro-
processors since the 80486 contain a coprocessor; since the Pentium, an MMX unit; and since
the Pentium II, an SIMD unit.
Chapter 15shows how to interface small systems to the personal computer through the use
of the parallel port, serial ports, and the ISA, and PCI bus interfaces.
Chapters 16 and 17 cover the advanced 80186/80188–80486 microprocessors and explore
their differences with the 8086/8088, as well as their enhancements and features. Cache memory,
interleaved memory, and burst memory are described with the 80386 and 80486 microproces-
sors. Chapter 16also covers real-time operating systems (RTOS), and Chapter 17also describes
memory management and memory paging.
Chapter 18details the Pentium and Pentium Pro microprocessors. These microprocessors
are based upon the original 8086/8088.
Chapter 19introduces the Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4, and Core2 microprocessors.
It covers some of the new features, package styles, and the instructions that are added to the orig-
inal instruction set.
Appendices are included to enhance the text. Appendix A provides an abbreviated listing
of the DOS INT 21H function calls because the use of DOS has waned. It also details the use of
viii PREFACE
the assembler program and the Windows Visual C++ interface. A complete listing of all
8086–Pentium 4 and Core2 instructions, including many example instructions and machine cod-
ing in hexadecimal as well as clock timing information, is found in Appendix B. Appendix C
provides a compact list of all the instructions that change the flag bits. Answers for the even-
numbered questions and problems are provided in Appendix D.
To access supplementary materials online, instructors need to request an instructor access
code. Go to www.pearsonhighered.com/irc, where you can register for an instructor access
code. Within 48 hours after registering, you will receive a confirming e-mail, including an
instructor access code. Once you have received your code, go to the site and log on for full
instructions on downloading the materials you wish to use.
Acknowledgments
I greatly appreciate the feedback from the following reviewers:
James K. Archibald, Brigham Young University
William H. Murray III, Broome Community College.
STAY IN TOUCH
We can stay in touch through the Internet. My Internet site contains information about all of my
textbooks and many important links that are specific to the personal computer, microprocessors,
hardware, and software. Also available is a weekly lesson that details many of the aspects of the
personal computer. Of particular interest is the “Technical Section,” which presents many notes
on topics that are not covered in this text. Please feel free to contact me at [email protected] you
need any type of assistance. I usually answer all of my e-mail within 24 hours.
My website is http://members.ee.net/brey