The Integration of Immigrants of Differing Official Language Ability and Use in Canada: Analysis of the 2006 Census and the 2007– 2008 Canadian Community Health Survey Zenaida Ravanera and Victoria Esses with Natalia Lapshina Pathways to Prosperity Partnership and University of Western Ontario December 2014 n o i t a u l a v E d n a h c r a e s e R This project was funded by the Research and Evaluation Branch at Citizenship and Immigration Canada that receives funding from the Roadmap for Canada's Official Languages 2013-2018: Education, Immigration, Communities to support research on immigration in official language minority communities. The views and opinions expressed in this document are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of Citizenship and Immigration Canada or the Government of Canada. The Integra(cid:415)on of Immigrants of Differing Official Language Ability and Use in Canada: Analysis of the 2006 Census and the 2007–2008 Canadian Community Health Survey Report prepared by: Zenaida Ravanera and Victoria Esses with Natalia Lapshina Pathways to Prosperity Partnership and University of Western Ontario Produced for Ci(cid:415)zenship and Immigra(cid:415)on Canada December 2014 For further informa(cid:415)on please contact communica(cid:415)[email protected] or visit www.p2pcanada.ca Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... 11 Objectives and Overview ............................................................................................................................................. 14 Data and Methods ....................................................................................................................................................... 15 Economic Integration by Official Language Groups in Quebec Economic Inclusion: Labour force activity, Employment status, and Occupation ................................................. 18 Income Levels: Total individual income, Wage and salary income, and Percent in low income cut‐off ............... 19 Socio‐demographic characteristics of established and recent immigrants by first official languages spoken ...... 20 Results of Multivariate Analysis of Economic Inclusion and Income Levels .......................................................... 21 Economic Integration by Official Language Groups in Rest of Canada Economic Inclusion: Labour force activity, Employment status, and Occupations ............................................... 22 Income Levels: Total individual income, Wage and salary income, and Percent in low income cut‐off ............... 23 Socio‐demographic characteristics of established and recent immigrants by first official languages spoken ...... 24 Results of Multivariate Analysis of Economic Inclusion and Income Levels ........................................................... 25 Economic Integration by Official Language Groups in Ontario Economic Inclusion: Labour force activity, Employment status, and Occupations ............................................... 26 Income Levels: Total individual income, Wage and salary income, and Percent in low income cut‐off ............... 27 Socio‐demographic characteristics of established and recent immigrants by first official languages spoken ...... 28 Results of Multivariate Analysis of Economic Inclusion and Income Levels ........................................................... 29 Economic Integration by Official Language Groups in British Columbia Economic Inclusion: Labour force activity, Employment status, and Occupations ............................................... 30 Income Levels: Total individual income, Wage and salary income, and Percent in low income cut‐off ............... 31 Socio‐demographic characteristics of established and recent immigrants by first official languages spoken ...... 32 Results of Multivariate Analysis of Economic Inclusion and Income Levels .......................................................... 33 Economic Integration by Official Language Groups in the Prairies Economic Inclusion: Labour force activity, Employment status, and Occupations ............................................... 34 Income Levels: Total individual income, Wage and salary income, and Percent in low income cut‐off ............... 35 Socio‐demographic characteristics of established and recent immigrants by first official languages spoken ...... 36 Results of Multivariate Analysis of Economic Inclusion and Income Levels .......................................................... 37 Economic Integration by Official Language Groups in Atlantic Provinces Economic Inclusion: Labour force activity, Employment status, and Occupations ............................................... 38 Income Levels: Total individual income, Wage and salary income, and Percent in low income cut‐off ............... 39 Socio‐demographic characteristics of established and recent immigrants by first official languages spoken ....... 40 Results of Multivariate Analysis of Economic Inclusion and Income Levels .......................................................... 41 1 Contents Social Integration by Official Language Groups in Quebec Social Integration: Perceived physical health, Perceived mental health, and Perceived life stress ...................... 42 Social Integration: Life satisfaction in general and Sense of belonging to local community ................................. 43 Socio‐demographic characteristics of established and recent immigrants by derived official language groups .. 44 Results of Multivariate Analysis of Social Integration ............................................................................................ 45 Social Integration by Official Language Groups in Rest of Canada Social Integration: Perceived physical health, Perceived mental health, and Perceived life stress ...................... 46 Social Integration: Life satisfaction in general and Sense of belonging to local community .................................. 47 Socio‐demographic characteristics of established and recent immigrants by derived official language groups .. 48 Results of Multivariate Analysis of Social Integration ............................................................................................ 49 Multi‐Level Analysis of the 2006 Census: Toward the Development of a Welcome‐ability Index Aims and Procedures ............................................................................................................................................. 50 Data and Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 50 Results of Analysis .................................................................................................................................................. 51 Limitations of the Analyses .................................................................................................................................... 52 Proposed Future Research Directions ......................................................................................................................... 53 References .................................................................................................................................................................... 54 2 Tables Table 1: List of Variables Utilized in the Data Analyses ................................................................................................ 16 Table 2: Percent Visible Minorities, Age, Gender and Education, Established and Recent Immigrants, Quebec ........ 20 Table 3: Odds Ratios from Logistic Regressions of Economic Inclusion Indicators on First Official Language Spoken ................................................................................................................................................... 21 Table 4: Coefficients and Odds Ratios from OLS and Logistic Regressions of Income Indicators on First Official Language Spoken ................................................................................................................................................... 21 Table 5: Percent Visible Minorities, Age, Gender and Education, Established and Recent Immigrants, ROC ............. 24 Table 6: Odds Ratios from Logistic Regressions of Economic Inclusion Indicators on First Official Language Spoken, Rest of Canada ....................................................................................................................................................... 25 Table 7: Coefficients and Odds Ratios from OLS and Logistic Regressions of Income Indicators on First Official Language Spoken, Rest of Canada ......................................................................................................................... 25 Table 8: Percent Visible Minorities, Age, Gender and Education, Established & Recent Immigrants, Ontario ........... 28 Table 9: Odds Ratios from Logistic Regressions of Economic Inclusion Indicators on First Official Language Spoken, Ontario ..................................................................................................................................................... 29 Table 10: Coefficients and Odds Ratios from OLS and Logistic Regressions of Income Indicators on First Official Language Spoken, Ontario ..................................................................................................................................... 29 Table 11 : Visible Minorities, Age, Gender & Education, Established & Recent Immigrants, BC ................................. 32 Table 12: Odds Ratios from Logistic Regressions of Economic Inclusion Indicators on First Official Language Spoken, British Columbia ..................................................................................................................................................... 33 Table 13: Coefficients and Odds Ratios from OLS and Logistic Regressions of Income Indicators on First Official Language Spoken, British Columbia ....................................................................................................................... 33 Table 14: Visible Minorities, Age, Gender & Education, Established & Recent Immigrants, Prairies .......................... 36 Table 15: Odds Ratios from Logistic Regressions of Economic Inclusion Indicators on First Official Language Spoken, Prairies ...................................................................................................................................................... 37 Table 16: Coefficients and Odds Ratios from OLS and Logistic Regressions of Income Indicators on First Official Language Spoken, Prairies ..................................................................................................................................... 37 Table 17: Visible Minorities, Age, Gender & Education, Established & Recent Immigrants, Atlantic .......................... 40 Table 18: Coefficients and Odds Ratios from OLS and Logistic Regressions of Work and Income Indicators on First Official Language Spoken, Atlantic ................................................................................................................. 41 Table 19: Percent Age, Gender, Education, Employment, & Income, Established & Recent Immigrants, Quebec ..... 44 Table 20: Odds Ratios from Logistic Regressions of Perceived Health and Life Stress on Derived Official Language Spoken, Quebec ..................................................................................................................................................... 45 Table 21: Odds Ratios from Logistic Regressions of Life Satisfaction and Sense of Belonging to Local Community on Derived Official Language Spoken, Quebec ........................................................................................................... 45 3 Tables Table 22: Percent Age, Gender, Education, Employment, & Income, Established & Recent Immigrants, ROC .......... 48 Table 23: Odds Ratios from Logistic Regressions of Perceived Health and Life Stress on Derived Official Language Spoken, ROC ........................................................................................................................................................... 49 Table 24: Odds Ratios from Logistic Regressions of Life Satisfaction and Sense of Belonging to Local Community on Derived Official Language Spoken, ROC ................................................................................................................. 49 Table 25: Variables Used for Exploratory Analysis and Confirmatory Factory Analysis or Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) ...................................................................................................................................................... 50 Table 26: Path Coefficients from Structural Equation Modeling .................................................................................. 51 Table 27: Scores and Ranks of Social, Economic, and Overall Welcome‐ability ........................................................... 52 Table 28: Results from the Mixed‐Effects Logistic Regression Models for Labour Force Activity and Household Income with Level‐1 Individual‐Level Variables and Level‐2 Area Variables ......................................................... 52 4 Figures Figure 1: Labour Force Activity: Percent Employed, Quebec ....................................................................................... 18 Figure 2: Employment Status: For Individuals who are Employed, Percent Employed Full–time, Quebec ................. 18 Figure 3: Occupation: For Individuals who are Employed, Percent Employed as Managers and Professionals, Quebec ............................................................................................................................................ 18 Figure 4: Mean Individual After Tax Income, Quebec .................................................................................................. 19 Figure 5: For Individuals who are Employed, Mean Wage and Salary Income, Quebec .............................................. 19 Figure 6: Percent below Low Income Cut‐Off, Quebec ................................................................................................ 19 Figure 7: Place of Birth, Established Immigrants, Quebec ............................................................................................ 20 Figure 8: Place of Birth, Recent Immigrants, Quebec ................................................................................................... 20 Figure 9: Labour Force Activity: Percent Employed, ROC ............................................................................................. 22 Figure 10: Employment Status: For Individuals who are Employed, Percent Employed Full–time, ROC ..................... 22 Figure 11: Occupation: For Individuals who are Employed. Percent Employed as Managers and Professionals, ROC .................................................................................................................................................. 22 Figure 12: Mean Individual After Tax Income, Rest of Canada .................................................................................... 23 Figure 13: For Individuals who are Employed, Mean Wage and Salary Income, Rest of Canada ................................ 23 Figure 14: Percent below Low Income Cut‐Off, Rest of Canada ................................................................................... 23 Figure 15: Place of Birth, Established Immigrants, Rest of Canada .............................................................................. 24 Figure 16: Place of Birth, Recent Immigrants, Rest of Canada ..................................................................................... 24 Figure 17: Labour Force Activity: Percent Employed, Ontario ..................................................................................... 26 Figure 18: Employment Status: For Individuals who are Employed, Percent Employed Full‐time, Ontario ................ 26 Figure 19: Occupation: For Individuals who are Employed, Percent Employed as Managers and Professionals, Ontario ............................................................................................................................................ 26 Figure 20: Mean Individual After Tax Income, Ontario ................................................................................................ 27 Figure 21: For Individuals who are Employed, Mean Wage and Salary Income, Ontario ............................................ 27 Figure 22: Percent below Low Income Cut‐Off, Ontario .............................................................................................. 27 Figure 23: Place of Birth, Established Immigrants, Ontario .......................................................................................... 28 Figure 24: Place of Birth, Recent Immigrants, Ontario ................................................................................................. 28 Figure 25: Labour Force Activity: Percent Employed, British Columbia ....................................................................... 30 Figure 26: Employment Status: For Individuals who are Employed, Percent Employed Full‐time, British Columbia .. 30 Figure 27: Occupation: For Individuals who are Employed, Percent Employed as Managers and Professionals, British Columbia ..................................................................................................................................................... 30 Figure 28: Mean Individual After Tax Income, British Columbia .................................................................................. 31 5 Figures Figure 29: For Individuals who are Employed, Mean Wage and Salary Income, British Columbia .............................. 31 Figure 30: Percent below Low Income Cut‐Off, British Columbia ................................................................................ 31 Figure 31: Place of Birth, Established Immigrants, British Columbia ............................................................................ 32 Figure 32: Place of Birth, Recent Immigrants, British Columbia ................................................................................... 32 Figure 33: Labour Force Activity: Percent Employed, Prairies ...................................................................................... 34 Figure 34: Employment Status: For Individuals who are Employed, Percent Employed Full‐time, Prairies ................ 34 Figure 35: Occupation: For Individuals who are Employed, Percent Employed as Managers and Professionals, Prairies ..................................................................................................................................... 34 Figure 36: Mean Individual After Tax Income, Prairies ................................................................................................. 35 Figure 37: For Individuals who are Employed, Mean Wage and Salary Income, Prairies ............................................ 35 Figure 38: Percent below Low Income Cut‐Off, Prairies ............................................................................................... 35 Figure 39: Place of Birth, Established Immigrants, Prairies .......................................................................................... 36 Figure 40: Place of Birth, Recent Immigrants, Prairies ................................................................................................. 36 Figure 41: Labour Force Activity: Percent Employed, Atlantic ..................................................................................... 38 Figure 42: Employment Status: For Individuals who are Employed, Percent Employed Full‐time, Atlantic ................ 38 Figure 43: Occupation: For Individuals who are Employed, Percent Employed as Managers and Professionals, Atlantic ..................................................................................................................................... 38 Figure 44: Mean Individual After Tax Income, Atlantic ................................................................................................ 39 Figure 45: For Individuals who are Employed, Mean Wage and Salary Income, Atlantic ............................................ 39 Figure 46: Percent below Low Income Cut‐Off, Atlantic .............................................................................................. 39 Figure 47: Place of Birth, Established Immigrants, Atlantic .......................................................................................... 40 Figure 48: Place of Birth, Recent Immigrants, Atlantic ................................................................................................. 40 Figure 49: Physical Health: Percent Excellent & Very Good, Quebec ........................................................................... 42 Figure 50: Mental Health: Percent Excellent & Very Good, Quebec ............................................................................ 42 Figure 51: Life Stress, Percent Not At All & Not Very Stressed, Quebec ...................................................................... 42 Figure 52: Life Satisfaction in General: Percent Very Satisfied, Quebec ...................................................................... 43 Figure 53: Sense of Belonging to Local Community, Percent Very Strong & Somewhat Strong, Quebec ................... 43 Figure 54: Visible Minority Status, Established Immigrants, Quebec ........................................................................... 44 Figure 55: Visible Minority Status, Recent Immigrants, Quebec .................................................................................. 44 Figure 56: Physical Health: Percent Excellent & Very Good, ROC ................................................................................ 46 Figure 57: Mental Health: Percent Excellent & Very Good, ROC ................................................................................. 46 Figure 58: Life Stress, Percent Not At All & Not Very Stressed, ROC ............................................................................ 46 6 Figures Figure 59: Life Satisfaction in General: Percent Very Satisfied, ROC ............................................................................ 47 Figure 60: Sense of Belonging to Local Community, Percent Very Strong & Somewhat Strong, ROC ......................... 47 Figure 61: Visible Minority Status, Established Immigrants, ROC ................................................................................ 48 Figure 62: Visible Minority Status Recent Immigrants, ROC ........................................................................................ 48 Figure 63: Illustration of the Two‐Stage Procedure ...................................................................................................... 50 Figure 64: Characteristics of Welcoming Communities ................................................................................................ 50 Figure 65: Path Diagram from Structural Equation Modeling ...................................................................................... 51 Figure 66: Map of Canada Showing the Areas Ranked in the Top Ten for Welcome‐ability CMAs .............................. 51 7
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