The Insects: Structure and Function PDF
Preview The Insects: Structure and Function
Comp.by:AbdulMalik Stage:Revises1 ChapterNo.:FrontMatter TitleName:CHAPMANSIMPSONANDDOUGLAS Date:19/9/12 Time:15:39:30 PageNumber:1 The Insects Structure and Function FIFTH EDITION TheInsectshasbeenthestandardtextbookinthefieldsincethefirsteditionwas publishedover40yearsago.BuildingonthestrengthsofChapman’soriginaltext, thislong-awaitedneweditionhasbeenrevisedandexpandedbyateamofeminent insectphysiologists,bringingitfullyuptodateforthemolecularera. Thechaptersretainthesuccessfulstructureoftheearliereditions,focusingon particularfunctionalsystemsratherthanontaxonomicgroupsandmakingiteasyfor studentstodelveintotopicswithoutextensiveknowledgeoftaxonomy.Thefocusis onformandfunction,bringingtogetherbasicanatomyandphysiologyand examininghowtheserelatetobehavior.This,combinedwithnearly600clear illustrations,providesacomprehensiveunderstandingofhowinsectswork. NowalsofeaturingarichlyillustratedprologuebyGeorgeMcGavin,thisisan essentialtextforstudents,researchersandappliedentomologistsalike. R.F.Chapman(1930–2003)wasaneminentinsectphysiologistandProfessorinthe DivisionofNeurobiologyattheUniversityofArizona.HisfirstfoureditionsofThe Insectshaveformedthestandardtextinthefieldformorethan40years. StephenJ.SimpsonisARCLaureateFellowintheSchoolofBiologicalSciencesand AcademicDirectorofthePerkinsCentreforthestudyofobesity,diabetesand cardiovasculardiseaseattheUniversityofSydney.Hiscoreresearchaimsareto understandswarminginlocustsandtodevelopandimplementanintegrative frameworkforstudyingnutrition.In2012hewasawardedtheWigglesworthMedal fromtheRoyalEntomologicalSocietyofLondon. AngelaE.DouglasisDaljitS.andElaineSarkariaProfessorofInsectPhysiologyand ToxicologyatCornellUniversity,NewYork.Herresearchandteachingismotivated bythemechanismsunderlyinginsectfunction,andhercoreresearchinterestsarethe overlappingtopicsofinsectnutritionandinteractionsbetweeninsectsandbeneficial microorganisms.SheisaFellowofTheRoyalEntomologicalSocietyandThe EntomologicalSocietyofAmerica. Comp.by:AbdulMalik Stage:Revises1 ChapterNo.:FrontMatter TitleName:CHAPMANSIMPSONANDDOUGLAS Date:19/9/12 Time:15:39:31 PageNumber:3 The Insects Structure and Function FIFTH EDITION R. F. CHAPMAN FormerlyoftheUniversityofArizona,USA Edited by STEPHEN J. SIMPSON TheUniversityofSydney,Australia ANGELA E. DOUGLAS CornellUniversity,NewYork,USA Comp.by:AbdulMalik Stage:Revises1 ChapterNo.:FrontMatter TitleName:CHAPMANSIMPSONANDDOUGLAS Date:19/9/12 Time:15:39:31 PageNumber:4 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521113892 ©CambridgeUniversityPress1998,2013 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. FirstpublishedbyEdwardArnold1969 Secondedition1971,6thprinting1980 Thirdedition1982,5thprinting1991 FourtheditionpublishedbyCambridgeUniversityPress1998,7thprinting2011 Fifthedition2013 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombytheMPGBooksGroup AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata Chapman,R.F.(ReginaldFrederick) Theinsects:structureandfunction/R.F.Chapman.–5thedition/editedby StephenJ.Simpson,AngelaE.Douglas. pages cm Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindexes. ISBN978-0-521-11389-2 1. Insects. I. Simpson,StephenJ. II. Douglas,A.E.(AngelaElizabeth),1956– III. Title. QL463.C482013 595.7–dc23 2012018826 ISBN978-0-521-11389-2Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Comp.by:AbdulMalik Stage:Revises1 ChapterNo.:FrontMatter TitleName:CHAPMANSIMPSONANDDOUGLAS Date:19/9/12 Time:15:39:32 PageNumber:5 CONTENTS Listofcontributors ix 4 Nutrition 81 Preface xi Introduction 81 Acknowledgments xii 4.1 Requirednutrients 82 Prologue xiii 4.2 Balanceofnutrients 87 4.3 Nutritionaleffectsongrowth,development, Part I The head, ingestion, utilization reproductionandlifespan 95 and distribution of food 4.4 Contributionofsymbioticmicroorganisms toinsectnutrition 98 1 Head 3 Summary 104 Introduction 3 1.1 Head 4 5 Circulatory system, blood and the 1.2 Neck 9 immune system 107 1.3 Antennae 10 Introduction 107 Summary 13 5.1 Thecirculatorysystem 108 5.2 Circulation 113 2 Mouthparts and feeding 15 5.3 Hemolymph 117 Introduction 15 5.4 Hemocytes 124 2.1 Ectognathousmouthparts 16 Summary 129 2.2 Mechanicsandcontroloffeeding 22 2.3 Regulationoffeeding 34 6 Fat body 132 2.4 Otherconsequencesof Introduction 132 feeding 37 6.1 Fatbodystructureanddevelopment 133 2.5 Headglands 37 6.2 Storageandutilizationofenergy Summary 43 andnutrients 137 6.3 Functionasanendocrineorganand 3 Alimentary canal, digestionand nutritionalsensor 142 absorption 46 Summary 144 Introduction 46 3.1 Thealimentarycanal 47 Part II The thorax and locomotion 3.2 Digestion 59 3.3 Absorption 72 7 Thorax 149 3.4 Thealimentarytractasanimmunological Introduction 149 organ 77 7.1 Segmentationofthethorax 150 Summary 78 7.2 Morphologyofthethorax 151 Comp.by:AbdulMalik Stage:Revises1 ChapterNo.:FrontMatter TitleName:CHAPMANSIMPSONANDDOUGLAS Date:19/9/12 Time:15:39:32 PageNumber:6 vi Contents 7.3 Musclesofthethorax 155 12 Reproductive system: male 282 Summary 155 Introduction 282 12.1 Anatomyoftheinternalreproductive 8 Legsandlocomotion 157 organs 283 Introduction 157 12.2 Spermatozoa 286 8.1 Structureofthelegs 158 12.3 Transferofspermto 8.2 Walkingandrunning 166 thefemale 292 8.3 Othermechanismsofterrestrial 12.4 Othereffectsofmating 306 locomotion 173 Summary 310 8.4 Aquaticlocomotion 180 8.5 Otherusesoflegs 186 13 Reproductive system: female 313 Summary 189 Introduction 313 13.1 Anatomyoftheinternalreproductive 9 Wingsand flight 193 organs 314 Introduction 193 13.2 Oogenesis 317 9.1 Structureofthewings 194 13.3 Ovulation 333 9.2 Formofthewings 204 13.4 Fertilizationoftheegg 333 9.3 Movementofthewings 207 13.5 Oviposition 335 9.4 Wingkinematics 214 Summary 343 9.5 Aerodynamicmechanisms 221 9.6 Powerforflight 223 14 The eggand embryology 347 9.7 Sensorysystemsforflightcontrol 225 Introduction 347 Summary 230 14.1 Theegg 348 14.2 Embryogenesis 357 10 Muscles 233 14.3 Alternativestrategiesofacquiringnutrients Introduction 233 byembryos 379 10.1 Structure 234 14.4 Sexdetermination 388 10.2 Musclecontraction 242 14.5 Parthenogenesis 390 10.3 Regulationofmusclecontraction 244 14.6 Pedogenesis 392 10.4 Energeticsofmusclecontraction 252 Summary 393 10.5 Muscularcontrolintheintactinsect 254 10.6 Changesduringdevelopment 257 15 Postembryonic development 398 Summary 263 Introduction 398 15.1 Hatching 399 Part III The abdomen, reproduction 15.2 Larvaldevelopment 403 and development 15.3 Metamorphosis 417 15.4 Controlofpostembryonic 11 Abdomen 269 development 436 Introduction 269 15.5 Polyphenism 443 11.1 Segmentation 270 15.6 Diapause 448 11.2 Abdominalappendagesandoutgrowths 273 Summary 454 Summary 280 Comp.by:AbdulMalik Stage:Revises1 ChapterNo.:FrontMatter TitleName:CHAPMANSIMPSONANDDOUGLAS Date:19/9/12 Time:15:39:33 PageNumber:7 Contents vii Part IV The integument, gas exchange 19 Thermal relations 588 and homeostasis Introduction 588 19.1 Bodytemperature 589 16 Integument 463 19.2 Thermoregulation 595 Introduction 463 19.3 Performancecurves 598 16.1 Epidermis 464 19.4 Behaviorandsurvivalatlow 16.2 Thecuticle 469 temperatures 600 16.3 Chemicalcompositionofthecuticle 473 19.5 Activityandsurvivalathigh 16.4 Typesofcuticles 483 temperatures 607 16.5 Molting 488 19.6 Acclimation 610 16.6 Cuticleformation 493 19.7 Cryptobiosis 611 16.7 Functionsoftheintegument 497 19.8 Temperatureandhumidityreceptors 611 Summary 498 19.9 Temperature-relatedchangesinthe nervoussystem 614 17 Gaseous exchange 501 19.10 Large-scalepatternsininsect Introduction 501 thermalbiology 616 17.1 Trachealsystem 502 Summary 617 17.2 Spiracles 511 17.3 Cutaneousgasexchange 515 Part V Communication 17.4 Respiratorypigments 515 17.5 Gaseousexchangeinterrestrialinsects 516 A Physiological coordination within the 17.6 Gaseousexchangeinaquaticinsects 528 insect 17.7 Insectssubjecttooccasionalsubmersion 537 17.8 Gasexchangeinendoparasiticinsects 540 20 Nervous system 625 17.9 Otherfunctionsofthetrachealsystem 541 Introduction 625 17.10 Gasexchangeininsecteggs 542 20.1 Basiccomponents 626 Summary 542 20.2 Basicfunctioning 630 20.3 Anatomyofthenervoussystem 642 18 Excretionandsaltandwaterregulation 546 20.4 Brain 647 Introduction 546 20.5 Controllingbehavior 659 18.1 Excretorysystem 547 Summary 669 18.2 Urineproduction 552 18.3 Modificationoftheprimaryurine 555 21 Endocrine system 674 18.4 Controlofdiuresis 559 Introduction 674 18.5 Nitrogenousexcretion 562 21.1 Chemicalstructureofhormones 675 18.6 Detoxification 567 21.2 Endocrineorgans 684 18.7 Non-excretoryfunctionsoftheMalpighian 21.3 Transportofhormones 691 tubules 569 21.4 Regulationofhormonetiter 691 18.8 Nephrocytes 571 21.5 Modeofactionofhormones 696 18.9 Waterregulation 573 Summary 703 Summary 584 Comp.by:AbdulMalik Stage:Revises1 ChapterNo.:FrontMatter TitleName:CHAPMANSIMPSONANDDOUGLAS Date:19/9/12 Time:15:39:40 PageNumber:8 viii Contents B Perception ofthe environment 25.4 Colorpatterns 807 25.5 Colorchange 807 22 Vision 708 25.6 Significanceofcolor 813 Introduction 708 25.7 Lightproduction 817 22.1 Compoundeyes 709 Summary 821 22.2 Formandmotionvision 715 22.3 Receptorphysiology,colorand 26 Mechanical communication:producing polarizationvision 721 sound and substrate vibrations 824 22.4 Dorsalocelli 731 Introduction 824 22.5 Stemmata 732 26.1 Natureandtransmissionofacousticand 22.6 Othervisualreceptors 734 vibrationalsignals 825 22.7 Magneticsensitivityandphotoreception 735 26.2 Significanceofacousticandvibrational Summary 735 signals 826 26.3 Mechanismsproducingsoundsand 23 Mechanoreception 738 vibrations 832 Introduction 738 26.4 Patternsofacousticandvibrational 23.1 Cuticularmechanoreceptors 739 signals 845 23.2 Chordotonalorgans 748 26.5 Neuralregulationofsoundproduction 847 23.3 Stretchandtensionreceptors 764 Summary 853 Summary 768 27 Chemicalcommunication:pheromones 24 Chemoreception 771 and allelochemicals 857 Introduction 771 Introduction 857 24.1 Externalstructureofchemosensorysense 27.1 Definingchemicalsignals 858 organs 772 27.2 Pheromonesusedinintraspecific 24.2 Cellularcomponents 774 communication 858 24.3 Distributionandnumbersofsensory 27.3 Informationcontentofpheromonal sensilla 776 signals 874 24.4 Howthechemosensorysensillum 27.4 Biosynthesisofpheromones 876 functions 776 27.5 Regulationofpheromoneproduction 882 24.5 Integratingfunctionandbehavior 788 27.6 Perceptionofpheromonesandother 24.6 Projectionstothecentralnervoussystem 789 infochemicals 883 Summary 791 27.7 Informationtransferbetweenspecies: allelochemicals 885 C Communication with other organisms 27.8 Producing,storingandreleasing allomones 887 25 Visual signals:color and light 27.9 Allelochemicalsusedindefense 890 production 793 27.10 Mimicry 895 Introduction 793 Summary 898 25.1 Thenatureofcolor 795 25.2 Structuralcolors 795 25.3 Pigmentarycolors 802 Index 901 Comp.by:AbdulMalik Stage:Revises1 ChapterNo.:FrontMatter TitleName:CHAPMANSIMPSONANDDOUGLAS Date:19/9/12 Time:15:39:41 PageNumber:9 CONTRIBUTORS LarsChittka MichaelF.Land SchoolofBiologicalandChemicalSciences SchoolofLifeSciences QueenMary,UniversityofLondon UniversityofSussex,BrightonUK UK TomMatheson BronwenW.Cribb DepartmentofBiology CentreforMicroscopy&Microanalysisand UniversityofLeicester SchoolofBiologicalSciences UK TheUniversityofQueensland,Brisbane Australia GeorgeC.McGavin OxfordUniversityMuseumofNaturalHistory AngelaE.T.Douglas Oxford DepartmentofEntomology UK CornellUniversity Ithaca,NY JeremyMcNeil USA DepartmentofBiology UniversityofWesternOntario,London JulianA.T.Dow Canada InstituteofMolecularCellandSystemsBiology CollegeofMedical,Veterinary&LifeSciences DavidJ.Merritt UniversityofGlasgow SchoolofBiologicalSciences UK TheUniversityofQueensland,Brisbane JonF.Harrison Australia SchoolofLifeSciences HansMerzendorfer ArizonaStateUniversity,AZ FachbereichBiologie/Chemie,Osnabru¨ck USA Germany RalfHeinrich JocelynG.Millar Abtl.Zellula¨reNeurobiologie DepartmentofEntomology Schwann-Schleiden-Forschungszentrum,Go¨ttingen UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside Germany USA DeborahK.Hoshizaki DivisionKidney,Urologic&HematologicDiseases StuartReynolds NIDDK,NationalInstitutesofHealth DepartmentofBiology&Biochemistry Bethesda,MD UniversityofBath USA UK Comp.by:AbdulMalik Stage:Revises1 ChapterNo.:FrontMatter TitleName:CHAPMANSIMPSONANDDOUGLAS Date:19/9/12 Time:15:39:43 PageNumber:10 x Contributors StephenRogers GrahamK.Taylor DepartmentofZoology DepartmentofZoology UniversityofCambridge OxfordUniversity UK UK LeighW.Simmons JohnS.Terblanche CentreforEvolutionaryBiology DepartmentofConservationEcology&Entomology SchoolofAnimalBiology FacultyofAgriSciences TheUniversityofWesternAustralia,Crawley StellenboschUniversity Australia SouthAfrica StephenJ.Simpson PeterVukusic SchoolofBiologicalSciences SchoolofPhysics TheUniversityofSydney UniversityofExeter Australia UK MichaelT.Siva-Jothy LutzT.Wasserthal DepartmentofAnimalandPlantSciences Institutfu¨rZoologieI UniversityofSheffield Universita¨tErlangen-Nu¨rnberg UK Germany JohnC.Sparrow DepartmentofBiology UniversityofYork UK MichaelR.Strand DepartmentofEntomology CenterforTropicalandEmergingGlobalDiseases UniversityofGeorgia,GA USA
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