The Holocaust: The Third Reich and the Jews PDF
Preview The Holocaust: The Third Reich and the Jews
The Holocaust This book offers a survey of the encounter between the Third Reich and European Jewry. Pointing out the diffculties historians face in i nterpreting the ever-expanding documentary record, it includes treatment of the role of non-Germans in the Holocaust, consideration of the much-debated nexus between the Holocaust and modernity, and discussion on how ‘the H olocaust’ developed as a distinct historical topic. Fully updated, this new third edition incorporates the latest scholarly f ndings with expanded treatment of gendered aspects of the Holocaust, the Holocaust’s world historical contexts, the long-term history of J ewish– Christian relations, and thinking about the Holocaust’s contemporary relevance, as well as additional documents refecting recent archival dis- coveries. Offering a concise narration that appeals to both the intellect and the emotions, the book enables students to gain a real understanding of the events of this catastrophic time. Including a useful selection of original documents (many never before anthologised in English), a chronology, glossary, and ‘who’s who’, David Engel’s book will be welcomed by anyone trying to get to grips with this complex and far-reaching subject. David Engel is Greenberg Professor of Holocaust Studies, Professor of H ebrew and Judaic Studies, and Professor of History at New York Uni- versity, USA. A member of the Academic Committee of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, he is the author of seven books and more than 100 articles on aspects of the Holocaust and modern Jewish history. Introduction to the series History is the narrative constructed by historians from traces left by the past. Historical enquiry is often driven by contemporary issues and, in con- sequence, historical narratives are constantly reconsidered, reconstructed, and reshaped. The fact that different historians have different perspectives on issues means that there is often controversy and no universally agreed version of past events. Seminar Studies was designed to bridge the gap be- tween current research and debate, and the broad, popular general surveys that often date rapidly. The volumes in the series are written by historians who are not only fa- miliar with the latest research and current debates concerning their topic, but who have themselves contributed to our understanding of the subject. The books are intended to provide the reader with a clear introduction to a major topic in history. They provide both a narrative of events and a critical analysis of contemporary interpretations. They include the kinds of tools generally omitted from specialist monographs: a chronology of events, a glossary of terms, and brief biographies of ‘who’s who’. They also include bibliographical essays in order to guide students to the literature on various aspects of the subject. Students and teachers alike will find that the selec- tion of documents will stimulate the discussion and offer insight into the raw materials used by historians in their attempt to understand the past. Clive Emsley and Gordon Martel Series Editors The Holocaust The Third Reich and the Jews THIRD EDITION David Engel Third edition published 2021 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2021 David Engel The right of David Engel to be identifed as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifcation and explanation without intent to infringe. First edition published 2000 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Engel, David (Professor), author. Title: The Holocaust : the Third Reich and the Jews / David Engel. Description: Third edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifers: LCCN 2020057603 (print) | LCCN 2020057604 (ebook) | Subjects: LCSH: Holocaust, Jewish (1939–1945) | World War, 1939–1945—Atrocities. | National socialism. | Germany—Politics and government—1933–1945. | Jews—Germany—History—1933–1945. Classifcation: LCC D810.J4 E528 2021 (print) | LCC D810.J4 (ebook) | DDC 940.53/18—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020057603 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020057604 ISBN: 978-1-138-36219-2 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-35275-9 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-43223-1 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by codeMantra Contents Note on place names vii List of maps ix List of fgures xi Chronology xiii Who’s who xvii PART I Analysis 1 1 Studying the Holocaust 3 Holocaust and genocide 4 Who is right? 7 Studying the Holocaust historically 9 2 The Jews 11 Jewish origins 11 Jews and others in the ancient world 12 Jews and Christian Teaching 13 The Jews in Christian Europe 15 In modern times 18 The twentieth century 20 3 Hitler, Nazis, Germans, and Jews 23 The Jews in Hitler’s world view 23 Jews in the ideology and programme of Nazism 26 Jews in German public opinion 29 True believers and the First World War 31 Ordinary men or ordinary Germans? 33 vi Contents 4 1933–1941: a twisted road? 37 The Nazis in power 37 Jews in Nazi policy and practice 39 The state of documentation 44 Jewish policy and political context 48 5 Responding to persecution 52 Perceiving the threat 52 To leave or not to leave? 56 Communal leadership: coping and resisting 57 Zionism, German Jewry, and world Jewry 60 External obstacles to emigration 62 6 The transition to killing 65 Why begin killing? 67 Local factors 74 The means of murder 77 Organising the transports 79 7 Responding to murder 83 Information and imagination 83 Communal responsibility and strategies for survival 87 The unofficial community 91 Local non-Jewish leaders and populations: opposition and complicity 95 Beyond the Nazi realm 100 8 Humanity, modernity, and the Holocaust 103 Can the Holocaust be understood historically? 103 Does the Holocaust teach lessons? 107 Testing lessons historically 109 The Holocaust in history and today 111 PART II Documents 119 Glossary 175 Further reading 185 References 195 Index 201 Note on place names The names of cities given in the text are their offcial names in the language of the country to which they belonged on 31 August 1939. Hence Wilno instead of Vilnius or Vilna, but Kaunas instead of Kovno. Exceptions have been made for some cities whose names have well-known English forms (Prague, Vienna, Warsaw). Standard English names have been used for all larger political units. Maps 1 Europe and its Jews, January 1938 xxi 2 German, Hungarian, and Soviet expansion and the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia and Poland, 1938–1939 xxii 3 The Nazi orbit, 1942 xxii
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