The History of the State of Maine; from its first discovery, A.D. 1602, to the separation, A.D. 1820, inclusive

714 Pages·1832·50.403 MB·English

by  William D. Williamson

HISTORY
OF THE
STATE OF MAINE;
FROOI
ITS FIRST DISCOVERY, A. D. 1602,
TO
THE SEPARATION, A. D. 1820, INCLUSIVE.
By WILLIAM D. WILLIAMSON.
IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOL. II.
fSlallotDcU:
GLAZIER, MASTERS & CO.
1832.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1832, by
William D. Williamson, in the Clerk's Office of the District
Court of Maine.
THIS PRINTING IS A
FACSIMILE OF THE 1832 EDITION
This edition published by
The Cumberland Press, Inc.
Freeport, Maine 04032
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number:
66-22134
Printed in the United States of America
By KJ Printing, Augusta, Maine
CONTENTS OF VOL.
II.
A. D. CHAPTER I. Page 9 to 37.
1691. Ocbtr.ac7,inPgroMvaisnscaicahlusCehtatsr,teNreowf-PWliylmloiuatmh,anMdaiMnaerayndgrSaangtaeddah;oeckm.-
1692-3. Thefirst administration.
1694. Feb. Death of Sir WilliamPhips, firstRoyal Governor.
1696. Nova Scotia conceded by Massachusetts to the British Crown.
Distressof Yorkshire.
1697. Sept. 11. Treatyof Ryswick. NovaScotia resigned to France.
1698. Villebon, the French Governor, claims westwardtoKennebeck.
1699. May 26, Lord Bellamont arrives, Provincial Governor. J.
Bridges,firstsurveyorinthe King's woods.
1700. Resettlementof Mainepromoted. A Committee of Claims.
1701-2. Deathsof Lord Bellamont, Lieut. Gov. Stoughton, JamesII. and
William III.
1702. JosephDudley,ProvincialGovernor. PopulationinMaine.
CHAPTER II. p. 38—79.
1703. QueenAnne'swar. The French drawthe brokentribes to St.
Francois. Several eastern towns attacked by the Indians.
1704. Church's5th eastern expedition. Colonial sufferers in thiswar.
1706. TheIndiansconsider thewaraburthen.
1707. Allthe remaining eastern settlements assailed.
1709-10. Expeditions—againstPort-Royal. Nova Scotia subdued by Col.
Nicholson; an eventimportant to Maineand Sagadahock.
1711-12. Thewar. Lastskirmish atWells.
1712. Oct. 27, Hostilitiescease.
1713. March30, Treaty ofUtrecht; andJuly11,ofPortsmouth. No-
va Scotia resigned to England and made a BritishProvince.
Castine theyounger.
CHAPTER 80—
III. p. 110.
1713. The administration and prudentialsof Maine. Three townssur-
vive the war. Ecclesiastical affairs. Order for the resettle-
mentof several towns.
1714. Five towns revived. Papermoney floods the country. Samuel
Shute commissioned Governor.
1715. A roadordered from Berwick to Pejepscot. Three townships
projectedinthe Pejepscotpurchase. Georgetown resettled.
1716. Settlement of Kennebeck attempted. Yorkshire extended to
St. Croix.
1717. Treatywith the IndiansconfirmedatArrowsick. Timber trees
protected.
1718. Armstrong's projecttosettle Sagadahock.
1719. SettlementsbetweenKennebeckandSt. Georgesrevived. Fort
Richmond built. TheGovernorand House differ.
1720. Coram's project to settle Sagadahock. AffairsofNova Scotia.
Rale's characterandconduct. Notaries Public.
1721. P. Dudley'scase as a Councillor. Mast trees protected. The
Indians denounced as rebels. Castine the younger seized.
Rale escapes.
1722. North-Yarmouthresettled.
CHAPTER IV. p. 111—151.
Lovewell'swar. Thefirstreprizals and attacks by the Indians.
Brunswick burnt. July 25, war proclaimed. Events of the
war. Partof Georgetown burnt.
1723. OldtowndestroyedbyCol. Westbrook. Attacksof theIndians.
1724. Col. Moulton'sattempttotake Ral^. Successes of the Indians.
NorridgewocktakenandRaidkilled. Lovewell's excursions.
1622210
CONTENTS.
iv
A. D.
1725. The battle ofPegwacket. The Indian village at FortHill de-
stroyed. Dummer's treaty,Dec. 15, at Boston. Its ratifica-
tion. Sagamores' sentiments,
CHAPTER V. p. 152—178.
Dummer'sadministration. Three trading housesestablished.
1727. A mission sent to recovercaptives. Earthquake. A back tierof
towns proposed.
1728. July 13, Governor Burnet arrives. Councillors. His disputes
w'ith the House. Death.
1729. Political changes in Sagadahock. David Dunbar, surveyor of
the woods, takes possessionof thatProvince rebuilds the fort
;
at Pemaquid andsurveyslots.
1730. Gov. Belcher's administration commences. Officers in York-
shire. Complaints againstDunbar. Heis appointed Lt. Gov.
of New-Hampshire,
1732-3. His removal effected.
CHAPTER VI. p. 179—193.
1733. Terms on whichnew townshipsweregranted. Grantsmade.
1734. Papermoney overflows thecountry. Salary question put torest.
1735. Falmouth made half-shire with York. County officers. A new
valuation finished. Census. Throat-distemper rages.
1736. Trade extended. Right to the woods discussed. Natives com-
plainofencroachmentsbyMr.Waldo. Dormantclaimsrevived.
1737. Greatdearth of provisions.
CHAPTER VII. p. 194—214.
1737-8. Dispute with New-Hampshire as to dividing lines, referred,dis-
cussed, settled.
1739. William Pepperell and Samuel Waldo command the two York-
shire regiments.
1740. News of—the Spanishwarreceived. Specie scarce. Land-bank
formed dissolved.
1741. GoGvoevrenronrorBSehlirclheeyr. rGeemoovregde VfVrhiotmefioeflfdi.ce;Neanwdteanpoproibinltlmseinsstuedo.f
First instance of impressment.
1742. Ship-building,trade and fisheriesflourish. Settlements promoted.
New valuation.
1743. Fears®f war and measuresof defence.
CHAPTER VIII. p. 215—233.
1744. The Spanish war. The Frenchjoin against'England. Warde-
clared against the Indians, from Passamaquoddy eastward.
Eight eastern scouts. Defensible men in Maine, 2,855. Lou-
isbourgdescribed. Expeditionagainstit.
1745. The officers, the fleet, and the army. Assistance of a British
squadron. The siege. Ijouisbourg capitulates. Its great
strength. Expenses ofthe expedition repaid byGreatBritain.
CHAPTER IX. p. 234—259.
FifthIndian war. Adefensive force of450men raised. Depre-
dationsby the savages.
1746. A Frenchfleetof70sail, underDuke d'Anville, arrives at Hali-
fax. Its disasters, A force of 470 men from this Province
capitulatesat Minas.
1747. A naval victory achieved by two English Admirals, Anson and
Warren. Defenceof the eastern people provided. News of
peace arrives.
1748. Oct. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelie. In thiswar, the Province lost
3,000effective men.
1749. Treaty with the eastern tribes atFalmouth.
CHAPTER X. p. 260—273.
1749-60. Claim of the French westward to Kennebeck. Governor Shir-
ley goes a Commissioner to Paris,on the subjectof boundaries,
Monej' due receivedfrom England, aod the paper money all
CONTENTS. V
redeemed. The French Neutrals join the troops from Canada
atthe Isthmus ofNova Scotia. Halifax settled.
1750. Cornwallis attacks the French helow the Isthmus. The homi-
cideof Albee and accomplices,at VViscasset. The Indiansfrom
thenorth, commit mischief.
1751. August, Treaty with tlte Natives confirmed.
— CHAPTER XI. p. 274—303.
1750-2. The people conspicuous for theirmerits, and tolerant in their
sentiments. The ministry of the g-ospelisable andpious. The
British American system enforced, by acts of Parliament.
Settlementof the easterncountry encourag-ed.
1752. Newvaluation. New Style adopted. Petition fora new County.
1753. TheIndiansdisturbed by encroachments, and by fires in the
woods. Obstacles tosettlement were the fearsof savag-e hos-
tilities and the question as to land-titles. Vassal's project.
Governor Shirley's return. The claims of the Eng-lish and
French to the eastern country specified. Frenchline ofnorth-
ern forts, and aggressions,
1754. Defensive measures enlarged. General Union of the colonies
projected. Fort Halifaxat Kennebeck erected. Measures of
defence. Warinevitable.
CHAPTER XII. p. 304—345
French warand6th Indian war. The French forts built. The
eastern fortifications. —
1755. Fourexpeditions against the French, three being unsuccessful.
The French driven from Nova Scotia, and the French Neu-
trals removed. War declared against all the eastern tribes,
except the Tarratines. The people jealous. Cargill's affair
War upontheTarratines. AnEarthquake.
1756. Fourexpeditions against the French. Public burthens great.
Wardeclared against France. Governor Shiriey leaves the
Province. The Indians attack the eastern towns and settle-
ments. The expeditionsall unsuccessful.
1757. The Indian war. GovernorPownal arrives. William Pitt put
atthehead of the—Britishministry. —
1758. Three expeditions all crowned with success Louisbourg and
otherplaces taken. Thelastefforts of the Indiansagainst the
English, atSt. Georges.
1759. A general attack upon the French. General Wolfe proceeds
against Quebec. A fortress built at Penobscot, and named
Fort Pownal. Death of General Waldo. Sept. 13, Quebec
capitulates. MajorRogersdestroys the Indian village of St.
Francois. Death of Generals Pepperell and Waldo.
1760. Peace with the eastern tribes. Canadafinally conquered.
CHAPTER XIII. p. 346—36S.
Limits of the,Eastern Patents andgreatTracts reviewed. Gov.
Pownallearesthe Province. Membersof the Council for the
last30 years. Cumberland and Lincoln Counties established.
Francis Bernard arrives. Provincial Governor. George III.
1761. Newvaluation completed. Political parties noticed. Disputes
between the Governorand House. York bridgeerected.
1762. Twelve townshipsgranted atUnion river. Line between Maine
and Nova Scotia, considered. Drought, fires and scarcity.
Three new townsestablis—hed.
1763. Feb. 10, Treaty of Paris, Canada, resigned to Great Britain.
QuebecProvince established.
CHAPTER XIV. pr369—407.
1763. Measures to raise arevenueinAmerica.
1764. Governor'sview of the eastern tribes. Census ofMaine.
1765. Jan. 10, Stamp-act passed. The first Continental Congress,
1766. Stamp-actrepealed. Crownlands and timber, considered.
1767. A Hurricane. Parliamentlay duties on tea, glass, paper, &c.
andregulate salaries.
vi CONTENTS.
A. D.
1768. Colonial circulars offend the British ministry. A Provincial
Convention. British troopsstationed in Boston.
1769. Gov.BernardleavestheProvince. Dutiesrepealed,exceptonteas.
1770. BostonMassacre. Publiclandsandmechanicalarts,ingreatrepute.
1771. Thomas Hutchinson commissioned Governor. He opposes the
settlements inSag-adahock. They increase on the Kennebeck.
Governordisputes with the House. Judg-es'salaries.
1773. About300families leaveWaldoborough. Symptomsofrevolution
noticed. Ministers and lawyers opposed to British taxation.
Thedisputewell understood b}' the parties.
1774. Dec. 16,Teasdestroyedin Boston.
CHAPTER XV. 409—420.
p.
1774. Actspassed by Parliament, to close the portof Boston, alterthe
charterofMassachusetts,andmakeotherchang-es. Gen.Gag-e
appointed Governor. Hedissolves the GeneralCourt. APro-
vincialCong-ressmeets. SecondContinental Congressconvenes.
County Conventions. Committeesof Safety and Supplies. Af-
fairsof Coulson and Mowett.
1775. April 19. Battle of Lexington. Gen. Gagedenounced.
CHAPTER XVI. 421—448.
p.
Thewarof the Revolution commenced. Capt. Mowettseized at
Falmouth. First Bills of Continental money issued. George
Washingtoncommands theAmericanArmy. June 17th, Bunk-
er Hill battle. Eastern affairs. Provincialcharterresumed.
MembersoftheAssemblies. Massachusettsissuespaper-money.
Falmouth burnt by Mowett. Arnold's expedition through
Kennebeck to Quebec. Repulse. General Post-oflBce estab-
lished. NewappointmentofCivilofficers. Militiareorganized.
1776. Defenceof Maine. Declarationof Independence.
CHAPTER XVII. p. 449—485.
The amityof the eastern Indians confirmed. Measures ofde-
fence. Eddy'sretreattoMachias. AContinentalArmyraised.
Firearms arrive from France. Battle ol Trenton.
1777. Agarrisonestablished atMachias. The enemy there repulsed.
CaptureofGen. Burgoyne'sarmy.
1778. New Constitution rejected. Estates of Absenteesconfiscated.
Paper*money depreciated,30toone. ArrivalofaFrenchfleet.
Maine andSagadahock formedinto aDistrict.
1779. TheBritish seize upon Penobscot and occupy'Biguyd—uce. The
Americanfleetand troopssent toremove theenemy defeated.
The losses. Saltons—tall cashiered.
1780. Troubles in Maine: 600 men raised for the eastern service.
Gen.WadsworlhcommandstheEasternDepartment. Arnold's
treason. Constitution of the Commonwealth adopted. Mem-
bers of the Council forthe past20 years.
CHAPTER XVIII. p. 486—605.
1781. Administration under the State-constitution. Gen. Wadsworth
carried aprisonerto 'Biguyduce. Maj. Barton madeprisoner
also. Theyescape. Defenceoftheeasterninhabitants. Gen.
McCobb succeeds to the command of Gen. Wadsworth. Pub-
lic creditlow, and public burdensgreat. First Commissioners
of Eastern Lands. October 27, surrender of Cornwallis and
his army.
1782. Cessationofhostilities. Judicialandmilitiasystemsnewmodelled,
1783. Sept.3. Definitive treaty of Paris. The American army dis-
banded. Losses.
CHAPTER XIX. p. 506—520.
1784. Great and immediate increaseof settlements and population in
Maine. CommitteesofEastern Landsappointed. Lumberand
otherarticlesof export. Disputes between the borderers on
the riverSt. Croix.
CONTENTS. vii
1785. Body of Statiitc-lav/revised. Expenses of the Penobscotexpe-
dition considered. Governor Hancockresig-ns, andJ.Bowdoin
elected Governor. Demand for eastern lands. Twelve town-
ships confirmed. Provision made for quieting- the Islanders.
Treaty with the Tarratines. Towns and plantations revived.
Greatfreshet.
CHAPTER XX. 521—547.
p.
1785-6. Separationof Maine, fromMassachusetts, discussed. Falmouth
Gazette,first published. Address to the people. Result of
measures taken for Separation. Three new towns. Shay's in-
surrection. Land lottery instituted.
1787. Hancock re-elected Gov. Economy and industry enccurag-ed.
1788. Federal Constitution adopted. FirstRepresentativestoCongress,
andElectors. Slaveryabolished. A Colleg-e in Maine project-
ed. Twenty new towns.
1789. Georg-e Washington,first PresidentoftheU. States,inaugurated.
CHAPTER XXI. 548—557.
p.
1790. Countiesof Hancock andWashingtonestablished. MaineaDis-
trict. A Census taken. Officersof the District Court. Dis-
putesbetweenthe easternborderersandBritish provincialsqui-
eted. A law to preservegame.
1791-2. Nine new towns. Objects of eastern enterprize.
1793. Deathof Governor Hancock. Twonew townsincorporated.
CHAPTER XXII. 558—586.
p.
1794. Politicalparties—Federalists andAnti-federalists. The French
revolution. The Americans take sides. Mr. Jay's treaty.
Samuel Adams elected Governor. Three Representatives to
Congress elected. Bowdoin College established.
1794-5. Nineteen new towns incorporated. 3,500,000 acres of eastern
landssold since the peace. —
1795. EmigrantSociety formed. Metalic coins regulated eagles,dol-
lars and cents, adopted incomputation.
1796. A3d MilitiaDivision formed. Law astoShell-fish. By atreaty
with the Tarratines, 9 townships relinquished by them. Seven
new towns. Academies endowed.
1797. Recordsof SupremeJudicial Court removedfrom Boston totheir
respective counties. 1. Sumner elected Governor. Parties.
FederalistandDemocrat, J. AdamsandT. Jefierson,President
andVice-President. French aggression. Five new towns.
1798. Thetr—ue St. Croixdetermined. Eight new towns. War meas-
ures Land-tax,sedition law and alien bill. EnvoystoFrance,
1799. Truxton'svictory. Kennebeck County established. The Ply-
month, Waldo and Pejepscotpatentslimited. Deaths of Gov.
Sumnerand Gen. Washington.
CHAPTER XXIII. 587—604.
p.
1800. The Supreme Judiciary revised. Caleb Strong elected Gov-
ernor. Electors of President and Vice-President chosen.
Oppositionof the Democratsto the measures of the National
administrat—ion. Treaty negociated with France. The Fed-
eralEagle a badge. C. Benchof 16Judges established. T.
Jeffersonand A. Burr, President and Vice-President. A 2d
census. Anewvaluation. Sixnew towns.
1801. J. Read andP. Coffin,Land-agents. Salesof the eastern lands
considered. TheFederalists oppose thenewadministration.
1802. Repealsof CongressionalActs—Othermeasures adopted. Me-
rino sheepimported. New towns.
1803. Banksincreased, andthe banking system revised. Lawagainst
counterfeiting. —
1804-5. Judiciaryimproved andaNisi-priussystemadopted. Fisheries.
1805. OxfordCountyestablished. Theeraof incorporations.
1806. ThoughGovernorStrongwasre-elected,eachlegislative branch
CONTENTS.
viii
A. D,
wasdemocratical. The Britishinsult our flag-. Non-importa-
lion Actpassed. Berlin and Milandecrees.
1807. British impressments. Embargolaid. Twenty-four new towns
incorporated.
CHAPTER XXIV. 605—627.
p—.
J807. J. Sullivan elected Governor. His administration County-At-
torneys, Courtsof Sessions and Jury act.
i8oa. BettermentLaw. A4thmilitiadivision. Sullivan'sdeath. Six-
teen new towns.
1809. C. Gore elected Governor. SomersetCounty established. Mr.
Gore's administration. J. Madison, Presidentof the United
States. Erskine's arrangement. Rambouillet Decree. The
affairof Chadwick. Vaccination recommended, Maine Bible
Society established.
1810. E. Gerry electedGovernor. The3dCensus. Exports,tonnage,
valuation,and fishery.
1811. Religious freedom-bill. Measures of Mr. Gerry's administra-
tion. Skirmish between the Little Belt and the President.
Two new militiadivisions established.
1812. Mr. Strong re-elected Governor. Tax on banks. Corporeal
punishmentabolished. Land controversiesinLincolnsettled.
CHAPTER XXV. 628—638.
p.
1812. The Europeanbelligerents. Embargo,andmeasuresofdefence.
June 18,war declared againstG. Britain. Eventsof thewar.
1813. Politics. Newtownsand Banks. WashingtonBenevolentSocie-
ties. Direct tax imposed.
1814. March, all restrictive laws repealed. Factories established.
American successesin the war.
CHAPTER XXVI. 639—657.
p.
1814. ThewarinMaine. The enemy seize upon Eastport, Castine,
andMachias. Thegovernmentinstitutedthere by the British.
Theirothermeasures. Trade atCastine and Hampden. Clos-
ingeventsand incidents of the war. Battle of N. Orleans.
Measuresofthe HartfordConvention. Castine and the eastern
coast evacuated by the British,as fareastwardly asEastport.
CHAPTER XXVII. 658—679.
p.
1815. Feb. 11,newsof peace arrives. Trade and Commerce. The
condition of the cod-fishery. Public morals.
1816. New towns. County of Penobscot incorporated. A land office
established. J. Brookselected Governor. Measuresresumed
to separate Maine from Massachusetts. Brunswick Conven-
tion. Parties, Emigration westward.
1817. Cold Seasons. Emigrations partiallv checked. Moose Island
decided tobelongtoMaine. Ournorthernboundarydiscussed.
1S18. Treaty withtheTarratines. Probate Coderevised. Sea-Serpent.
1819-20. Maine separated from Massachusetts. Its Constitution framed
andadopted. Itis admitted into tlie Union. Its political ad-
ministration.
SUPPLEMENTAL.—CHAPTER XXVIII. 680—705.
p.
1623 to The periods-of our history. The Militia. Expenditure and
1820. revenue. Taxation. Coins. Education, arts,studiesandpro-
fessions. The religiousdenominationsand their ecclesiastical
polity. Industry, trade andmanufactures. The various insti-
tutions, established. Domestic life reviewed.
APPENDIX.
No. 1.——Listof Councillors underthe Provincial Charter. Page 707.
2.—Listof CouncillorsandSenators,under theConstitution. 708.
3.—Listof Membersof Congressfrom Maine. 709.
4.—The Rulers and GovernorsofMainefromitsfirstsettlement.710.
5. Listof Countiesandcorporate towns. 712.
HISTORY OF MAINE
CHAPTER L
— —
Provin—cial Charter Governor andother P—ublic Of—ficers Lcgisla-
ture —Council—Houseoj—Representatives Voter—s Statute enact-
ments —Judicial—Courts Justices of th—e Peace Ap—peals to the
—Crown M—ilitia Ecclesiastical affairs Education Land-titles
Rights Laws—Crimes andPunishmentS'^Witchcraft'^Death
—
of Gov. Phips NelsoUy Go—vernor of NovaScotia^ seizedby Vil"
Icbon, the French Governor Massachusetts resig—ns the Govern^
ment of that Provin—ce to the Crown of England He—r measures
protective of Maine Re—strictive acts of Parl—iament Board of
Trade and Plantati—ons Treaty of Ryswick Nova Scotia re*
signed to the French They and Massachusetts both claim Saga-
dahock^-Conduct of Villebon, the French Governor—'Dispute
about the jurisd—iction of Sag—adahock^I^ord Bellamont succeeds
Governor Phips His Speech John Bridges, Surveyor-^Gnreral
— —
of the woods The—eastern towns revived Rumor—s of war and
measure—s ofdefence Gr—eat Islandto be fortified Committee of
Claims Fears of war Deaths of L—ord Bellamont, William
Stoughton, James IT. and William III. Mea—suresof the French
^Govern—or Dudley succeeds LordBellamont Meets the Indiana
at Casco The conference andits incidents^
The celebrated Charter of William and Mary, dated Octo- a.D. 1692.
ber 7th, 1691, was brought hither from England by Sir Wil-
^"^^^(pro^f
LiAM Phips, the first royal Governor, and went into operation ^^^^"^
on the 14th of May, 1692. It embraced the whole territory of
—
ibis State, in two great divisions; one, extending from Piscata-
qua to Kennebeck, was called theProvince ofMaine} the other, Maineand
including all between Kenne—beck and the St. Croix, was usuallyJ;^^^**'"'
denominated Sagadahock*^ As the political connexion between
SeeUtvol. chap.xxii.A.D.16»1.-—ThoughNoraScotiawasembraced;
Massachusettsresigned thegovernmentofit to the crown, A. D. 1696,
—
about a year before the peace; anditbecamea British Province. The
Vol. II. 2
10 THE HISTORY [VoL. II.
A.D. 1692.Massachusetts proper and the present State of Maine continued
about 130 years ; it becomes important to give a general outline
of the Province government under the new Charter.
TheExccii- Its features bore a resemblance to the government of England,
^^^* and its departments were nearly as distinct. The Governor,
Lieutenant-Governor and Secretary of State were appointed and
—
commissioned by the crown, to hold their respective offices dur-
ing their sovereign's pleasure. The—two first officers primarily
took their oaths before each other ; afterwards, they and the
Secretary, also other officers, were severally sworn by two of the
Council.
The Gov- The Governor was chiefmagistrate^ and invested with supreme
truor. executive authority. He had power to convene, adjourn, and
even dissolve the Legislature, and to nominate, and with advice
of Council, appoint all judges, sheriffs, justices of the peace,
—
and other civil officers ; their names being first placed seven
days upon a nomination-book. To him and the Council, was
given jurisdiction of all probate matters, and the right ofdrawing
by warrant from the Provincial treasury, all appropriated public
monies. As Captain-General, he was empowered to organize
the militia, and appoint and commissi—on all military officers ; also
to erect and demolish fortifications; but he could not march
any inhabitant out of the Province without his own consent, or
that of the Legislature previously obtained. He could negativeas
many as thirteen of the Councillors chosen, and alsothe Speaker
—
of the House, if they were displeasing to him ; a prerogative
often exercised byhim in high party-times. The two Legislative
branches, after organizing themselves in the spring, were usually
addressed by him in a speech ; atother sessions, hiscommunica-
tions were by written message. He presided at the Council-
board,* and no law or order passed by the two houses, or by
either, was valid till approved by him.
Lieui.Gov- The Lieutenant-Governor always filled the executive chair,
when the chief magistrate was absent; but at other times, during
a series of years, he sat and voted with the Council.
charter aUo included the live northerly Islesof Shoals, as embra—ced in
Gorges'charter: viz. HogIsland—Hayley' orSmutty-noseIsland Duck,
Cedar^ andMalagaIslands.—See1stvol. chap. vi.A. D. 1639.
—
He presided during executive,not legislativedebates; thoHgh Lord
Bellamont did in both 2 Hutchinson's History, p. 107,—The places of
Councillorsnegatived^werenotfilledthatyear.