The Handbook of Work Analysis: Methods, Systems, Applications and Science of Work Measurement in Organizations

795 Pages·2012·10.137 MB·English

by  Mark Alan Wilson, Winston Bennett, Jr., Shanan Gwaltney Gibson, George Michael Alliger

THE HANDBOOK OF
Work
Analysis
Methods, Systems,
Applications and Science of
Work Measurement in Organizations
TAF-Y103143-11-0903-C000.indb i 12/03/12 4:48 PM
SERIES IN APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY
Jeanette N. Cleveland, Colorado State University
Kevin R. Murphy, Landy Litigation and Colorado State University
Series Editors
Edwin A. Fleishman, Founding series editor (1987–2010)
Gregory Bedny and David Meister
Th e Russian Th eory of Activity: Current Applications to Design and Learning
Winston Bennett, Jr., David Woehr, and Charles Lance
Performance Measurement: Current Perspectives and Future Challenges
Michael T. Brannick, Eduardo Salas, and Carolyn Prince
Team Performance Assessment and Measurement: Th eory, Research, and Applications
Jeanette N. Cleveland, Margaret Stockdale, and Kevin R. Murphy
Women and Men in Organizations: Sex and Gender Issues at Work
Aaron Cohen
Multiple Commitments in the Workplace: An Integrative Approach
Russell Cropanzano
Justice in the Workplace: Approaching Fairness in Human Resource Management, Volume 1
Russell Cropanzano
Justice in the Workplace: From Th eory to Practice, Volume 2
David V. Day, Stephen Zaccaro, Stanley M. Halpin
Leader Development for Transforming Organizations: Growing Leaders for Tomorrow’s Teams
and Organizations.
Stewart I. Donaldson, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi and Jeanne Nakamura
Applied Positive Psychology: Improving Everyday Life, Health, Schools, Work, and Safety.
James E. Driskell and Eduardo Salas
Stress and Human Performance
Sidney A. Fine and Steven F. Cronshaw
Functional Job Analysis: A Foundation for Human Resources Management
Sidney A. Fine and Maury Getkate
Benchmark Tasks for Job Analysis: A Guide for Functional Job Analysis (FJA) Scales
J. Kevin Ford, Steve W. J. Kozlowski, Kurt Kraiger, Eduardo Salas, and Mark S. Teachout
Improving Training Eff ectiveness in Work Organizations
Jerald Greenberg
Organizational Behavior: Th e State of the Science, Second Edition
Jerald Greenberg
Insidious Workplace Behavior
Edwin Hollander
Inclusive Leadership: Th e Essential Leader-Follower Relationship
TAF-Y103143-11-0903-C000.indb ii 12/03/12 4:48 PM
Jack Kitaeff
Handbook of Police Psychology
Uwe E. Kleinbeck, Hans-Henning Quast, Henk Th ierry, and Hartmut Häcker
Work Motivation
Laura L. Koppes
Historical Perspectives in Industrial and Organizational Psychology
Ellen Kossek and Susan Lambert
Work and Life Integration: Organizational, Cultural, and Individual Perspectives
Martin I. Kurke and Ellen M. Scrivner
Police Psychology into the 21st Century
Joel Lefk owitz
Ethics and Values in Industrial and Organizational Psychology
Manuel London
Job Feedback: Giving, Seeking, and Using Feedback for Performance Improvement, Second Edition
Manuel London
How People Evaluate Others in Organizations
Manuel London
Leadership Development: Paths to Self-Insight and Professional Growth
Robert F. Morrison and Jerome Adams
Contemporary Career Development Issues
Michael D. Mumford, Garnett Stokes, and William A. Owens
Patterns of Life History: Th e Ecology of Human Individuality
Michael D. Mumford
Pathways to Outstanding Leadership: A Comparative Analysis of Charismatic, Ideological, and
Pragmatic Leaders
Kevin R. Murphy
Validity Generalization: A Critical Review
Kevin R. Murphy and Frank E. Saal
Psychology in Organizations: Integrating Science and Practice
Kevin Murphy
A Critique of Emotional Intelligence: What Are the Problems and How Can Th ey Be Fixed?
Susan E. Murphy and Ronald E. Riggio
Th e Future of Leadership Development
Susan E. Murphy and Rebecca J. Reichard
Early Development and Leadership: Building the Next Generation of Leaders
Margaret A. Neal and Leslie Brett Hammer
Working Couples Caring for Children and Aging Parents: Eff ects on Work and Well-Being
Robert E. Ployhart, Benjamin Schneider, and Neal Schmitt
Staffi ng Organizations: Contemporary Practice and Th eory, Th ird Edition
TAF-Y103143-11-0903-C000.indb iii 12/03/12 4:48 PM
Steven A.Y. Poelmans
Work and Family: An International Research Perspective
Erich P. Prien, Jeff ery S. Schippmann, and Kristin O. Prien
Individual Assessment: As Practiced in Industry and Consulting
Robert D. Pritchard, Sallie J. Weaver, and Elissa L. Ashwood
Evidence-Based Productivity Improvement: A Practical Guide to the Productivity Measurement and
Enhancement System
Ned Rosen
Teamwork and the Bottom Line: Groups Make a Diff erence
Heinz Schuler, James L. Farr, and Mike Smith
Personnel Selection and Assessment: Individual and Organizational Perspectives
John W. Senders and Neville P. Moray
Human Error: Cause, Prediction, and Reduction
Lynn Shore, Jacqueline Coyle-Shapiro and Lois E. Tetrick
Th e Employee-Organization Relationship: Applications for the 21st Century
Kenneth S. Shultz and Gary A. Adams
Aging and Work in the 21st Century
Frank J. Smith
Organizational Surveys: Th e Diagnosis and Betterment of Organizations Th rough Th eir Members
Dianna Stone and Eugene F. Stone-Romero
Th e Infl uence of Culture on Human Resource Processes and Practices
Kecia M. Th omas
Diversity Resistance in Organizations
George C. Th ornton III and Rose Mueller-Hanson
Developing Organizational Simulations: A Guide for Practitioners and Students
George C. Th ornton III and Deborah Rupp
Assessment Centers in Human Resource Management: Strategies for Prediction, Diagnosis, and
Development
Yoav Vardi and Ely Weitz
Misbehavior in Organizations: Th eory, Research, and Management
Patricia Voydanoff
Work, Family, and Community
Mark A. Wilson, Winston Bennett, Jr., Shanan G. Gibson and George M. Alliger
Th e Handbook of Work Analysis: Methods, Systems, Applications and Science of Work Measurement
in Organizations
TAF-Y103143-11-0903-C000.indb iv 12/03/12 4:48 PM
THE HANDBOOK OF
Work
Analysis
Methods, Systems,
Applications and Science of
Work Measurement in Organizations
EDITED BY
Mark A. Wilson
North Carolina State University
Winston Bennett, Jr.
Air Force Research Laboratory
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio
Shanan G. Gibson
East Carolina University
George M. Alliger
The Group for Organizational Effectiveness
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Erich C. Dierdorff
De Paul University
Suzanne Tsacoumis
Human Resources Research Organization
Robert J. Harvey
Virginia Tech
Gregory M. Hurtz
California State University, Sacramento
TAF-Y103143-11-0903-C000.indb v 12/03/12 4:48 PM
Endorsements
“When applying some of the new methods described in this book, our research results receive atten-
tion from frontline fi ghter pilots as well as generals, while they at the same time are being accepted
in scientifi c publications. For me, this is strong evidence that the knowledge and insights presented
through this book result in top quality research tools. Th e book is thus an excellent foundation for any
work analysis eff ort.”
– Martin Castor, Ph.D.,
Swedish Defense Research Agency (FOI), Sweden
“Th is handbook addresses a central, indeed arguable ‘the’central topic in industrial and organiza-
tional psychology and human resource management. Job (or Work) Analysis is the foundation of most
human resource procedures and goals, from strategy linked selection and training to goal setting,
performance review, feedback and continuous improvement. Th is handbook intends to give state-of-
the-art guidance to practitioners and students about how to conduct reliable and valid job and work
analyses to ensure a solid foundation for I/O and HR practice.”
– Manuel London,
SUNY Stonybrook, New York
“Th is comprehensive handbook is destined to become a classic.”
– Gavriel Salvendy,
Purdue University and Tsinghua University,China
“Work analysis is at the core of personnel psychology. Th is volume provides a comprehensive descrip-
tion of job analysis concepts, techniques, and practices that brings to us the leading experts in the fi eld,
providing a defi nitive view of the methods, systems, applications, and research on the topic. Th is is a
great volume that needs to be read by scientists and practitioners interested in job analysis and, more
generally, personnel and I/O psychology.”
– Walter C. Borman,
Psychology Department, University of South Florida
vii
TAF-Y103143-11-0903-C000.indb vii 12/03/12 4:48 PM
Routledge Routledge
Taylor & Francis Group Taylor & Francis Group
711 Third Avenue 27 Church Road
New York, NY 10017 Hove, East Sussex BN3 2FA
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
Version Date: 20120208
International Standard Book Number: 978-1-84872-870-7 (Hardback)
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://
www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,
978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For
organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The handbook of work analysis : methods, systems, applications and science of work measurement in
organizations / editors, Mark A. Wilson … [et al.].
p. cm. -- (Series in applied psychology)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-84872-870-7 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Job analysis. 2. Work measurement. I. Wilson, Mark A. (Mark Alan), 1952-
HF5549.5.J6H356 2012
658.3’06--dc23 2012001512
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the Psychology Press Web site at
http://www.psypress.com
TAF-Y103143-11-0903-C000.indb viii 12/03/12 4:48 PM
Dedication
Th e Editors would like to dedicate this handbook to two individuals whose contributions to the
science and practice of job analysis and work design is beyond question. Not only have both of
these individuals excelled at the science and practice in the fi eld, but they have been instrumental
in infl uencing generations of military offi cers and civilian researchers and helped drive invest-
ments and innovations in the fi eld in numerous international agencies. Th eir collective contribu-
tions span more than 135 years. It is with most humble gratitude and respect that we dedicate this
new text to Dr. Sidney Gael and Dr. Jimmy L. Mitchell for their lifelong contributions to the fi eld.
Sidney Gael, PhD, began his professional career in 1959 as a civilian research psycholo-
gist with the United States Air Force (USAF) at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. Th ere he focused
determining personnel requirements and training needs for aircraft and space systems. While
employed by the USAF, he participated in a USAF educational program for civil service employ-
ees that enabled him to earn his doctorate in industrial psychology. Subsequently, he joined the
American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) Personnel Research Organization and worked for the
Bell System and its affi liated companies for 28 years, aft er which he entered private practice. While
at AT&T, Sidney led the development of the Work Performance Survey System (WPSS), which
included structured procedures for constructing and administering task inventory question-
naires, along with a soft ware system for analyzing the resulting data. At this time, there were no
commercially available data analysis programs or systems. Th e WPSS represented one of the fi rst
adaptations of the military job-task inventory method to civilian use. Th e WPSS has been very
useful in supporting a variety of human resource functions in areas such as selection, placement,
training, and performance evaluation. Based on his experience with the WPSS, Gael authored a
book titled Job Analysis to serve as a procedural guide for carrying out job-task inventory studies.
Subsequently, he took on a huge endeavor to edit the classic, two-volume Job Analysis Handbook
for Business, Industry, and Government. Th is handbook has remained the most comprehensive
source of information available on a wide variety of job analysis methods and is perhaps the most
valuable single contribution to the literature. It is considered by many to be a classic treatise of
the fi eld of job analysis. It served as the model for the level of breadth and comprehensiveness we
wanted to have in the new handbook. We are grateful to Sidney for his contributions to the fi eld
and for giving us such a strong foundation upon which to build this next generation compendium
of research and practice.
Ji mmy L. Mitchell, PhD, began his Air Force career in 1957 as a psychiatric clinic technician at
the United States Air Force Hospital, Wright-Patterson AFB, followed by service as a security police
offi cer with the Strategic Air Command and U.S. Air Forces Europe. He was subsequently assigned
to the graduate program at Th e Ohio State to pursue his master’s degree, aft er which he joined
the Civilian Institutions Division of the Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson AFB,
as an administrator working with civilian university degree programs for Air Force offi cers and
TAF-Y103143-11-0903-C000.indb ix 12/03/12 4:48 PM
DEDICATION
enlisted students. Over the next few years, he served as a military test developer and occupational
analyst with the 3700th Occupational Measurement Squadron located at Lackland AFB, Texas;
earned a doctorate at Purdue University; and then directed occupational survey studies the USAF
Occupational Measurement Center, Randolph AFB, Texas, as the Chief of USAF Airmen Analysis.
Jimmy earned his MA at Ohio State in 1966 and his PhD at Purdue in 1978—distinctly having
earned his graduate degrees under two major fi gures in 20th-century job and occupational analy-
sis: Carroll Shartle at Ohio State and Ernest McCormick at Purdue. While at Purdue, his collabora-
tion with Ernest McCormick led to the Professional and Managerial Position Questionnaire. He
also authored two chapters in the Job Analysis Handbook for Business, Industry, and Government
(Gael, 1988) and was considered by almost everyone to be the foremost authority on the history of
job analysis in the military. During his last 10 years in the Air Force, Jimmy also served as editor
of Air Force Psychology News, a quarterly career development newsletter for military behavioral
scientists. Jimmy retired from the Air Force in 1984 and he continued his research in job and occu-
pational analysis, fi rst with McDonald Douglas Training Systems and, in 1993, when he founded
the Institute for Job and Occupational Analysis (IJOA) in San Antonio, Texas, where he served as
Director and Chairman of the Board until his passing. Th e IJOA was one of Jimmy’s dreams—a
not-for-profi t corporation devoted to the study of the world of work. Jimmy was a superb facilita-
tor and organizer in the fi eld of work analysis and was the founding editor in chief of a new peer-
reviewed electronic journal, Ergometrika, devoted to the analysis and study of human work. Jimmy
was passionate about his profession, had a genuine curiosity for what people did and how they did
it, and had a deep devotion to advancing the fi eld of work analysis science and practice. Th ese two
characteristics exemplify Jimmy as an innovation leader, a mentor, and as a friend. He was tremen-
dously productive over the course of his career generating ideas and conducting research, which he
reported in journals, book chapters, technical reports, and numerous professional conferences. He
remained active in the community and in research providing spirited leadership and vision until
his untimely passing in December 2000. His legacy lives on in many of us who continue to work in
this area and who strive to motivate and encourage the next generation of work analysis research-
ers and practitioners. In closing, it is important to note that several of the chapters in this volume
represent work that he was either directly involved in helping to conduct or that were inspired by
his curiosity and his passion. Jimmy was the catalyst for this new handbook and he hosted the
workshop that included a number of the chapters in this volume. His legacy is evidenced in many
of the pages of this new handbook.
TAF-Y103143-11-0903-C000.indb x 12/03/12 4:48 PM