The Handbook of Collective Violence: Current Developments and Understanding

389 Pages·2020·3.239 MB·English

by  Carol A. Ireland, Michael Lewis, Anthony C. Lopez, Jane L. Ireland

THE Handbook of CollECTivE
violEnCE
The first of its kind, The Handbook of Collective Violence covers a range of contexts in which col-
lective violence occurs, bringing together international perspectives from psychology, crimin-
ology and sociology into one complete volume.
There have been significant advances made in the last 25 years regarding how collective viol-
ence is conceptualized and understood, with a move away from focusing on solely individual
forms of violence toward examining and understanding violence that can occur within groups.
This handbook presents some of the most interesting topics within the area of collective viol-
ence, drawing upon international expertise and including some of the most well-k nown aca-
demics and practitioners of our generation. Structured into four parts: understanding war;
terrorism; public order and organized violent crime; and gang and multiple offender groups, this
volume provides academics and practitioners with an up-t o-date resource that covers core areas
of interest and application.
accessibly written, it is ideal for both academics and policymakers alike, capturing develop-
ments in the field and offering a deep theoretical insight to enhance our understanding of how
such collective violence evolves, alongside practical suggestions for management, prevention
and intervention.
Carol A. Ireland is a Consultant Chartered Psychologist, forensic Psychologist and Chartered
Scientist. She is a Reader in aggression at the University of Central lancashire and Senior
Research lead at the ashworth Research Centre. She is also the director of Studies for the MSc
in forensic Psychology. She holds a visiting/honorary professorship at Charles Sturt University.
She currently works at the Coastal Child and adult Therapeutic Services, working with chil-
dren and adults who present with offence concerns and/or are victims.
Michael Lewis is a Chartered Psychologist, Chartered Scientist, associate fellow of the
british Psychological Society and lecturer in forensic Psychology at the University of Central
lancashire. He is the Research lead for Policing and Security at the ashworth Research
Centre, Mersey Care nHS Trust, and as part of this role collaborates with numerous police
forces across the Uk. dr lewis is the Editor-i n-Chief of the Journal of Criminological Research,
Policy and Practice.
Anthony C. Lopez is an associate Professor of Political Psychology in the School of Politics,
Philosophy, and Public affairs, at Washington State University. dr lopez serves as associate
Editor of Politics with the Evolution institute and blogs regularly at Psychology Today.
Jane L. Ireland is a Chartered forensic Psychologist and Chartered Scientist, holds a Professo-
rial Chair at the University of Central lancashire and is violence Treatment lead within High
Secure Services, ashworth Hospital. She holds three further (visiting/honorary) professorships
at abo akademi University, Charles Sturt University and Cardiff Metropolitan University. She
is currently academic lead for the ashworth Research Centre.
THE Handbook of
CollECTivE violEnCE
Current developments and Understanding
Edited by
Carol A. Ireland, Michael Lewis,
Anthony C. Lopez and Jane L. Ireland
first published 2020
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, abingdon, oxon oX14 4Rn
and by Routledge
52 vanderbilt avenue, new York, nY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2020 selection and editorial matter, Carol a. ireland, Michael lewis, anthony C.
lopez, Jane l. ireland; individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Carol a. ireland, Michael lewis, anthony C. lopez, Jane l. ireland to be
identified as the authors of the editorial matter, and of the authors for their individual
chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright,
designs and Patents act 1988.
all rights reserved. no part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in
any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to
infringe.
British Library Cataloguing- in-Publication Data
a catalogue record for this book is available from the british library
Library of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication Data
a catalog record has been requested for this book
iSbn: 978-0-367-18652-4 (hbk)
iSbn: 978-0-367-18654-8 (pbk)
iSbn: 978-0-429-19742-0 (ebk)
Typeset in bembo
by Wearset ltd, boldon, Tyne and Wear
‘This book is dedicated to dr Peter banister. a kind, caring, generous mentor and colleague
who always found the time. We are forever grateful for him shaping our careers and his
continual encouraging words.’
Carol A. Ireland and Jane L. Ireland
‘To my parents, david and deidre, for their kindness and support. i am forever grateful.’
Michael Lewis
‘To my son, nikolai, who always reminds me to play.’
Anthony C. Lopez

ConTEnTs
Contributors xi
Foreword biography xxi
Foreword xxi
azar Gat
PART I
Understanding war 1
1 The evolution of warfare 3
Anthony C. Lopez
2 When social identity- defining groups become violent:
collective responses to identity uncertainty, status erosion,
and resource threat 17
Sucharita Belavadi, Mark J. Rinella and Michael A. Hogg
3 Emotional underpinnings of war: an evolutionary analysis
of anger and hatred 31
Aaron Sell and Anthony C. Lopez
4 Women, god and war: analysing an odd triangle 47
Fernanda Buril
5 Ethnic cleansing: reversing the effects 58
Neophytos Loizides and Djordje Stefanovic
6 How modern is the holocaust? 69
Amos Goldberg
vii
Contents
PART II
Terrorism 83
7 The evolution of terrorism: historical underpinnings and the development
of group terrorism 85
Randall D. Law
8 Psychological and criminological understanding of terrorism:
theories and models 100
Zoe Marchment and Paul Gill
9 legal and security frameworks for responding to online violent extremism:
a comparison of far- right and jihadist contexts 112
Imogen Richards and Mark Wood
10 Continuities and discontinuities in radicalization trends:
the case of kenya 125
John Mwangi Githigaro
11 Responses to terror: policing and countering terrorism in the
modern age 137
Mathieu Deflem
12 Holy terror: how scriptures legitimized group violence
in the Middle East 149
Mark Tomass and Clarissa Luttmann
13 Rehabilitation of jihadi terrorists: current understanding
and perspectives 162
Kurt Braddock
PART III
Public order and organized violent crime 173
14 How crowd violence arises and how it spreads: a critical review of theory
and evidence 175
John Drury, Roger Ball, Fergus Neville, Stephen Reicher and Clifford Stott
15 Managing collective violence: policing public order and public
safety events 188
David Marshall
16 Gangs, violence and county lines 198
Paul Andell
viii
Contents
17 Criminal gangs in global perspective: motivations, transformations
and functions 209
Moritz Schuberth
18 Exploring the currency of violence in serious organized crime 220
Stuart Kirby, Rebecca Phythian and Laura Boulton
19 The use of violence and the evolution of organized crime:
evidence from Mexico 232
Laura H. Atuesta
20 organized violence: the mafia 246
Gianmarco Daniele and Marco Le Moglie
21 disrupting organized crime in the Uk: tackling violence,
intimidation and coercion 258
Michael Lewis, Daniel T. Beaumont and Rob Ewin
PART IV
Gang and multiple offender groups 271
22 distinguishing between aggression in groups and in gangs:
are gangs always violent? 273
Matthew Valasik and Shannon E. Reid
23 Current understanding of multiple perpetrator sexual offending 291
Teresa Ferraz-da-Silva
24 Collective violence online: when street gangs use social media 305
James Densley
25 biker gangs: evolution, motivation and applying function to management 317
Carol A. Ireland, Jane L. Ireland and Sören Henrich
26 outlaw biker clubs: a case study exploration of collective violence 329
Mohammed Rahman
27 Prison gangs: re- examining their existence, reframing their function 340
Jane L. Ireland, Philip Birch, Sören Henrich, Michael Lewis and
Carol A. Ireland
Index 351
ix