The Hamster: Reproduction and Behavior PDF
Preview The Hamster: Reproduction and Behavior
THE HAMSTER Reproduction and Behavior THE HAMSTER Reproduction and Behavior Edited by Harold I. Siegel Institute of Animal Behavior and Department of Psychology University College Rutgers University Newark, New Jersey PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under tide: The Hamster: reproduction and behavior. Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Hamsters-Reproduction. 2. Hamsters-Behavior. 3. Hamsters-Physiology. 4. Mammals Reproduction. 5. Mammals-Behavior. 6. Mammals-Physiology. 1. Siegel, Harold 1. [DNLM: 1. Behavior, Animal. 2. Hamsters. 3. Reproduction. QL 737.R638 H232) QL737.R638H34 1985 599.32'33 84-24860 ISBN 978-1-4757-0817-2 ISBN 978-1-4757-0815-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-0815-8 ©1985 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1985 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, mictofilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Contributors ANDRZEJ BARTKE Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78284. Present Address: Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois 62901 CLAIRE A. BERIAN Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 KATARINA T. BORER Department of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 C. SUE CARTER Departments of Psychology and Ecology, Ethology and Evolu- tion, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820 LYNWOOD G. CLEMENS Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 BARBARA L. FINLAY Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 GILBERT S. GREENWALD Department of Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66103 ROBERT E. JOHNSTON Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853 CHRISTIANA M. LEONARD Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610 ROBERT D. LISK Department of Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544 v vi CONTRIBUTORS CHARLES W. MALSBURY Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada AlB 3X9 MARIO O. MICELI Department of Psychology, Memorial University of New- foundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada AlB 3X9 LAWRENCE P. MORIN Department of Psychiatry, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794 MICHAEL R. MURPHY System Research Laboratories, Box 35313, Brooks Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas 78235 RUSSELJ. REITER Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Univer- sity of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78284 THOMAS A. SCHOENFELD Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, Shrewsbury, Massachusetts 01545 CHARLES W. SCOUTEN Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada AlB 3X9 HAROLD I. SIEGEL Institute of Animal Behavior and Department of Psychol- ogy, University College, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102 JEFFREY A. WITCHER Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823 Pre/ace My major objective in putting together this volume on the reproductive endocrinology and psychobiology of the hamster was to fill a growing gap in the scientific literature. The only previous book devoted entirely to the hamster (The Golden Hamster: Its Biology and Use in Medical Research, edited by Hoffman, Robinson, and Magalhaes, and pub lished by the Iowa State University Press) appeared in 1968 and dealt with topics such as anatomy, genetics, reproduction, hematology, virology, parasitology, and neo plasms. It is clear that a great deal of research on the reproduction and behavior of the hamster has been performed during the past two decades. In fact, a recent computer search of Psychological Abstracts since 1968 showed a near linear increase in the number of hamster citations per year. The contributors to this volume are familiar with the reproductive endocrinology and reproductive and nonreproductive behavior of the hamster and share a high degree of respect for and a certain loyalty to the species. Particular scientific and meth odological reasons for choosing the hamster for research can be found in many of the chapters. The topics chosen for discussion reflect areas of experimentation in which the hamster has been extensively studied. This book is potentially useful to those already investigating the hamster, to those studying similar topics in other species, and to those considering alternative research areas or species. The book is divided into four sections. The first section consists of a historical account by Michael Murphy of the origins of the hamster as a laboratory species from its initial capture to its subsequent domestication. The second section covers reproductive endocrinology and includes chapters on the estrous cycle by Robert Lisk, pregnancy by Gilbert Greenwald, the endocrinology of the male by Andrzej Bartke, and the pineal by Russel Reiter, who is the only author to have contributed to both the 1968 volume and the present volume. The third division discusses social behavior and begins with a chapter on commu nication by Robert Johnston. This is followed by a chapter on sexual differentiation by Lynwood Clemens and Jeffrey Witcher and then by separate chapters on female and male sexual behavior by Sue Carter and myself, respectively. The remaining topics include parental and aggressive behavior written by me and the neural basis of re productive behavior by Charles Malsbury, Mario Miceli, and Charles Scouten. vii viii PREFACE The final section consists of a chapter on development by Thomas Schoenfeld and Christiana Leonard and three chapters devoted to functions of individuals. These in clude biological rhythms by Lawrence Morin, energy balance by Katarina Borer, and the visual and somatosensory systems by Barbara Finlay and Claire Berian. I am extremely delighted and proud to have played a role in this work and I wish to thank each contributor, Plenum Press (especially Kirk Jensen), Jay Rosenblatt, and the Rutgers University Research Council. In addition, I extend my thanks and my love to my family-Marilyn, Matt, Paul, Scott, and my mother and father, who taught me to appreciate animals. Harold I. Siegel Newark, New Jersey Contents 0/ I. Origin the Hamster Chapter 1 History of the Capture and Domestication of the Syrian Golden Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus Waterhouse) MICHAEL R. MURPHY 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. The Early Years: Discovery and Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. On the Road to Jerusalem: Capture and Breeding ................... 7 4. The Invasion of America: Dissemination and Proliferation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5. New Genes on the Line: A Reconnaissance Expedition to Aleppo ....... 17 6. Conclusion ................................................. 18 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 II. Reproductive Endocrinology Chapter 2 The Estrous Cycle ROBERT D. LISK 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2. Sexual Maturation-The First Estrous Cycle ....................... 24 2.1. The Ovary ............................................. 26 2.2. The Pituitary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.3. The Brain ............................................. 31 3. Follicle Maturation and Ovulation ............................... 33 3.1. Time of Ovulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.2. Ovarian Steroids and Ovulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 IX x CONTENTS 3.3. Role of the Nervous System in Ovulation ..................... 37 3.4. Linkage of Sexual Receptivity with Ovulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 4. The Luteal Phase ............................................ 42 4. l. Pseudopregnancy ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 5. Seasonal Anestrus ............................................ 43 6. Conclusions.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Chapter 3 Endocrinology of the Pregnant Hamster GILBERT S. GREENWALD 1. Copulatory Behavior in the Estrous Hamster ....................... 53 2. Pseudopregnancy in the Hamster .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 3. Pregnancy in the Hamster-General Considerations ................. 56 3.l. Fetal, Placental, and Ovarian Weights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 3.2. Number of Follicles Greater than 415 J.L in Diameter ............ 60 3.3. Induction of Ovulation in the Pregnant Hamster by 20 IU HCG .. 60 3.4. Growth and Regression of the Corpus Luteum ................. 60 4. Peripheral Steroid and Peptide Serum Hormone Levels in the Pregnant Hamster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4. l. Progestins ............................................. 61 4.2. Estrogens.............................................. 63 5. Peptide Hormones during Hamster Pregnancy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 6. Luteotropic Complex of the Pregnant Hamster ..................... 65 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Chapter 4 Male Hamster Reproductive Endocrinology ANDRZEJ BAR TKE l. Sexual Maturation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 2. Endocrine Function in the Adult Male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 3. Aging..................................................... 78 4. Seasonal Changes ............................................ 78 4.1. Photoperiod-induced Testicular Regression .................... 78 4.2. Photoperiod-induced and Spontaneous Testicular Recrudescence 85 4.3. Hormonal Mechanisms of Seasonal Changes in Reproductive Function .............................................. 87 5. Typical Hormone Values ...................................... 91 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 CONTENTS Xl Chapter 5 Pineal-Reproductive Interactions RUSSEL J. REITER 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 2. Pineal Morphology ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 3. Pineal Melatonin Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 3. l. Photoperiodic Influences .................................. 10 1 3.2. Endocrine Influences ..................................... 103 3.3. Influence of Age ........................................ 104 4. Photoperiod, Pineal, and Reproduction ........................... 104 4. l. Males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 4.2. Females ............................................... 105 5. Pineal Hormones ............................................ 107 5. 1. Indoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 5.2. Polypeptides ........................................... 109 6. Pineal and Seasonal Reproduction ............................... 110 6. l. Inhibition Phase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III 6.2. Sexually Quiescent Phase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 6.3. Restoration Phase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 6.4. Sexually Active Phase .................................... 112 7. Melatonin and the Seasonal Reproductive Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 8. Sites of Action of Pineal Hormones .............................. 113 8. l. Neuroendocrine Axis ..................................... 114 8.2. Gonads and Accessory Sex Glands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 9. Concluding Remarks ......................................... 114 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Ill. Social Behaviors Chapter 6 Communication ROBERT E. JOHNSTON l. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 2. Postures Used during Social Interactions .......................... 121 2. l. Do the Dark Chest Bars Have a Communicatory Significance? ..... 128 3. Auditory Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 3. 1. Sonic Signals ........................................... 129 3.2. Ultrasonic Calling and Communication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 3.3. Ultrasounds and Echolocation .............................. l32
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