The Growth Hormone/Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis During Development PDF
Preview The Growth Hormone/Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis During Development
THE GROWTH HORMONE/INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR AXIS DURING DEVELOPMENT ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY Editorial Board: NATHAN BACK, State University of New York at Buffalo IRUN R. COHEN, The Weizmann Institute of Science DAVID KRITCHEVSKY, Wistar Institute ABEL LAJTHA, N.S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research RODOLFO PAOLETTI, University of Milan Recent Volumes in this Series Volume 559 CELL VOLUME SIGNALING Edited by Peter Lauf Volume 560 MECHANIMS OF LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION AND IMMUNE REGULATION X:INNATE IMMUNITY Edited by Sudhir Gupta, William E. Paul, and Ralph Steinman Volume 561 CHEMISTRY AND SAFETY OF ACRYLAMIDE IN FOOD Edited by Mendel Friedman and Don Mottram Volume 562 CHOLINGERGIC MECHANSIMS Edited by Jose Gonzalez-Ros Volume 563 UPDATES IN PATHOLOGY Edited by David C. Chhieng and Gene P. Siegal Volume 564 GLYCOBIOLOGY AND MEDICINE Edited by John S. Axford Volume 565 SLIDING FILAMENT MECHANISM IN MUSCLE CONTRACTION: FIFTY YEARS OF RESEARCH Edited by Haruo Sugi Volume 566 OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE XXVI Edited by Paul Okunieff, Jacqueline Williams, and Yuhchyau Chen Volume 567 THE GROWTH HORMONE/INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR AXIS DURING DEVELOPMENT Edited by Isabel Varela-Nieto and Julie A. Chowen A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. THE GROWTH HORMONE/INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR AXIS DURING DEVELOPMENT edited by ISABEL VARELA-NIETO, PhD Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas ''Alberto Sols'' Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (IIB-CSIC) Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM) Arturo Duperier 4. 28029 Madrid, Spain JULIE A. CHOWEN, PhD Hospital Infantil Universitario Nino Jesus Department of Endocrinology and Investigation Menendez Pelayo, 65, 28009 Madrid, Spain Springer Isabel Varela-Nieto, PhD Julie A. Chowen, PhD Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas "Alberto Sols" Hospital Infantil Universitario Nifio Jesus Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Department of Endocrinology and Investigation (IIB-CSIC) Menendez Pelayo, 65, 28009 Madrid, Spain Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM) CONTENTS INTRODUCTION vi 1. BASIC PHYSIOLOGY OF THE GROWTH HORMONE/ INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR (IGF).AXIS 1 Laura M. Frago and Julie A. Chowen 2. EXPERIMENTAL MODELS FOR UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-I AND ITS RECEPTOR DURING DEVELOPMENT 27 Jose Luis Trejo, Eva Carro and Deborah J. Burks 3. INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEINS IN DEVELOPMENT 5 Josef V. Silha and Liam J. Murphy 4. GROWTH HORMONE, INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTORS AND THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 91 Carolyn A. Bondy and Jian Zhou 5. SKELETAL MUSCLE 17 Ana M. Fernandez and Derek LeRoith 6. CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS 149 Asa Tivesten and Jorgen Isgaard 7. HEMATOPOIESIS 167 Wilson Savino, Salete Smaniotto and Mireille Dardenne 8. BRAIN DEVELOPMENT 187 Gregory J. Popken, Martha Dechert-Zeger, Ping Ye, A. Joseph D'Ercole 9. REGULATION OF VERTEBRATE SENSORY ORGAN DEVELOPMENT: A SCENARIO FOR GROWTH HORMONE AND INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTORS ACTION 21 Amelia Diaz-Casares, Yolanda Leon, Enrique J. de la Rosa & Isabel Varela-Nieto 10. ROLE OF INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTORS IN NEURONAL PLASTICITY AND NEUROPROTECTION 243 Ignacio Torres Aleman IL AGING AND LIFE SPAN 259 Holly M. Brown-Borg 12. INTERACTIONS OF INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-I AND ESTROGEN IN THE BRAIN 285 Pablo Mendez, Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gomez and Luis Miguel Garcia-Segura 13. CANCER 305 Adda Grimberg 14. GENETIC BASIS OF PROPORTIONAL SHORT STATURE 341 Angel Campos-Barros, Karen E. Heath, Jesus Argente 15. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES: FROM STEM CELLS AND IGF BIOLOGY TO THE CLINIC 385 Yvan Arsenijevic INDEX 413 INTRODUCTION Although growth hormone (GH) was discovered in 1921, it was not until the 1950s that investigators began to suspect that some of its effects on growth were not direct but involved a mediating factor. Indeed, after the discovery of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) it was thought that most, if not all, GH effects involved stimulation of IGF-I production. However, it is now accepted that GH and IGF have both common and individual roles in growth, development and metabolism. The IGF family, comprised of insulin and two factors similar to insulin termed IGF-I and IGF-II, has pleiotropic functions in mammals. The first member of this family to be identified was insulin, with subsequent investigation resulting in the elucidation of its role in glucose metabolism and its implication in the etiology of diabetes mellitus. This discovery effected an explosion in the investigation of the structure, function, and mechanisms of action of insulin. The enormous interest in this molecule resulted in the concession of three Nobel Prizes for the investigation of insulin: in 1923 for the discovery of its capacity to treat diabetes, in 1958 for the first sequence of a protein and in 1963 for the first determination of the three-dimensional structure of a protein. Hence, the investigation of insulin has been a pioneer in many scientific fields. Likewise, the insulin receptor was the first receptor with tyrosine kinase activity to be identified and cloned, and is the prototype of membrane receptors with enzymatic activity. Consequently, the mechanisms of action of this receptor have been the focus of intense study leading to the identification of intracellular signaling pathways in response to members of this protein family and has lead, once again, to the discovery of new molecules, pathways and signaling cascades that has had important reverberations in other scientific fields. Later, the IGFs were discovered and found to be intricately involved in embryonic development and postnatal growth. This was followed by the discovery of a family of binding proteins (IGFBPs) that not only transport the IGFs in the circulation, but alter their function and biological activity. Such widespread and intricate regulation further emphasized the importance of these growth factors in normal physiology. The enormous interest in the insulin-IGF family of proteins lead to the generation of the first double and triple knock-out animals. These knock-out animals, null for a combination of the IGFs, their receptors and the BPs, has helped to shed light on the differential roles of these molecules and their importance in growth and embryonic development. These studies also demonstrated new and diverse functions for these factors, amongst which their activities in the nervous system is noteworthy. Advances in the understanding of the expression, function, and structure of these factors has not only helped us to further our knowledge of embryonic and postnatal growth, but has also opened the door to new possibilities for their therapeutic use in the treatment of growth alterations, in neurodegeneration, and regenerative medicine. The objective of this volume is to explain our current understanding regarding the cellular actions of these factors and how this basic knowledge has contributed to our comprehension of their implications in distinct illnesses, as well as the possibility for the development of new therapies. Chapter 1 covers the basic physiology of the GH/IGF axis, while Chapter 2 discusses some of the most widely used experimental models that have helped to determine the roles of the various members of this axis. The role of IGFBPs in brain and other tissues is discussed in Chapter 3. The importance of IGFs in brain development and function is dealt with in various chapters, all with an individual focus. Chapter 8 covers overall brain development and the effect that each component of the GH/IGF-I system exerts in this process. The trophic effects that IGFs have on neurons in the mature brain and the protection that they exert during neurodegenerative processes or assaults by noxious substances is addressed in Chapter 10 and the interaction of IGFs with other trophic factors in Chapter 12. Chapter 9 focuses specifically on IGFs in neurosensory systems. The effect of the GH/IGF axis in the reproductive tract, skeletal muscle, cardiovascular system and hematopoeisis are addressed in Chapters 4-7. Two areas of current interest include the influence of IGF-I on aging and its possible role in cancer. These subjects are affronted in Chapters 11 and 13, respectively. In Chapter 14 the growing information regarding genetic implications in human growth, involving almost all members of the GH/IGF axis, is presented. The final chapter deals with a new and exciting area of investigation: the use of stem cells in investigation and the possible treatment of a variety of illnesses. This is a rapidly advancing field and future developments will necessitate the need for a second edition. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all of the authors for taking time out of their busy schedules to participate in this project. In addition, we would like to acknowledge and thank our colleagues that have generously donated their time and experience to act as reviewers in order to improve the scope and focus of this book. We are in debt to all. Isabel Varela-Nieto and Julie A. Chowen Chapter 1 BASIC PHYSIOLOGY OF THE GROWTH HORMONE/INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR AXIS Laura M, Frago and Julie A. Chowen Hospital Infantil Universitario Nino Jesus, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Departamento de Endocrinologia, Menendez Pelayo, 65, 28009 Madrid, Spain Key words: Binding proteins; growth hormone-releasing hormone; intracellular signaling; receptor; somatostatin. 1. INTRODUCTION The growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis is intimately involved in the integration of a multitude of signals that regulate systemic growth and metabolism throughout fetal and postnatal development. In the adult animal, maintenance of metabolic balance and cellular integrity, as well as involvement in normal tissue regeneration and in response to injury, can also be attributed to GH and the IGFs. The classical components of this axis, including GH, the GH receptor (GHR), the GH binding proteins (GHBPs), IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF receptors and the six IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), will be described briefly in this chapter. Although GH is produced mainly by the anterior pituitary, its receptor is expressed in many tissues throughout the organism^"^, indicating that this hormone can have widespread effects. In contrast, the IGFs are produced by most tissues during both fetal and postnatal life, with both the circulating and locally produced factors having physiological functions"^'^.
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