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OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,14/2/2014,SPi THE GESTAPO OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,14/2/2014,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,14/2/2014,SPi C A R S T E N D A M S A N D M I C H A E L S T O L L E T H E G E S T A P O Power and Terror in the Third Reich TRANSLATED BY CHARLOTTE RYLAND 1 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,14/2/2014,SPi 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OXDP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries ©MichaelDamsandCarstenStolle(authors).PublishedinGermanas DieGestapo:HerrschaftundTerrorimDrittenReich ©VerlagC.H.BeckoHG,München Thistranslation©OxfordUniversityPress Themoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin Impression: Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber: ISBN –––– PrintedinItalyby L.E.G.O.S.p.A.—LavisTN LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,14/2/2014,SPi CONTENTS ListofPlates ix Preface xi . Foundation and Early Years  Thebackstory:statesecurityintheWeimarRepublic  TheGestapoisformed  . Organizational Development  ‘Verreichlichung’:HimmlerandHeydrichtakeover leadershipoftheGestapo  Theconstructionofavölkischpoliceforce:policeand SSsystemsintheReichandtheoccupiedterritories  TheGestapo’sself-understandingandideology  . Gestapo Employees  Developmentsinpersonnel  TheGestapoleadership:Diels,Heydrich,Best,Müller  TheleadershipoftheGestapaandtheReichSecurity MainOffice  Thegovernorsintheprovinces  ThevarietyofGestapoofficers  . The Modus Operandi  Frameworks  Gestapoinformants  v OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,14/2/2014,SPi CONTENTS Theroleofdenunciations  Co-operationwiththepolice,SSandNaziParty organizations  . The Practice of Persecution in the Reich  Phasesofpersecution  Politicalpersecution:communistsandSocialDemocrats  Thepersecutionofreligiouscommunities  TheimplementationofJewishpolicy  Dealingwithhomosexuals,the‘work-shy’,and‘asocials’  Persecutionof‘foreignnationals’  . The Gestapo in Europe  Thenatureof‘foreigndeployment’  Thebeginningsofexpansion:Austria,Sudetenland, andCzechoslovakia  Poland:thebeginningofthewarofextermination  TheGestapoinNorthernandWesternEurope  Theescalationoftheextermination:theGestapoin South-EasternandEasternEurope  Zonesofdeploymentinthesecondhalfofthewar: Africa,Italy,Hungary,Croatia,Slovakia  Radicalizationinruins:therepercussionsof‘foreign deployment’  . The Gestapo after   Suicide,flight,persecution:fromtheendofthewar totheNurembergTrials  Spruchkammertrialsanddenazification  CriminalprosecutioninGermancourts  Careersinpost-warGermany  Conclusion: What Remains of the Gestapo?  vi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,14/2/2014,SPi CONTENTS GlossaryofTerms  Notes  SelectBibliography  Index  vii OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,14/2/2014,SPi OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,14/2/2014,SPi LIST OF PLATES . TheappointmentofHeinrichHimmler(BArch, Bild-R/Scherl) . AnSS-KommandoinfrontoftheGestapoheadquarters (BArch,Bild-B--/Röhnert) . InsidetheGestapoheadquarters(BArch, Bild-/Fotograf:GeorgPahl) . ReinhardHeydrich(BArch,Bild-B/Friedrich FranzBauer) . WernerBest(BArch,Bild-B/ohneAngabe) . Meeting(BArch,Bild-R/Scherl) . Bodysearch(bpk,Bild) . Massexecution(bpk,Bild/KarlSturm) . Hanging(bpk,Bild/GeorgSchödl) . Publicburial(bpk,Bild/US-Army) ix

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The Gestapo was the most feared instrument of political terror in the Third Reich, brutally hunting down and destroying anyone it regarded as an enemy of the Nazi regime: socialists, Communists, Jews, homosexuals, and anyone else deemed to be an 'anti-social element'. Its prisons soon became infamou