The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, 4th Edition

5027 Pages·2007·189.92 MB·english

by  K. Lee Lerner

GALE
The
ENCYCLOPEDIA of
S
CIENCE
FOURTH EDITION
GALE
The
ENCYCLOPEDIA of
S
CIENCE
FOURTH EDITION
VOLUMES
1-6
K. LEE LERNER & BRENDA WILMOTH LERNER, EDITORS
GALEENCYCLOPEDIAOFSCIENCE,FOURTHEDITION
K.LeeLernerandBrendaWilmothLerner,Editors
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Galeencyclopediaofscience.–4thed.K.LeeLerner&BrendaWilmothLerner,editors.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN-13:978-1-4144-2877-2(sethardcover)–ISBN-10:1-4144-2877-4(sethardcover)–ISBN-
13:978-1-4144-2878-9(v.1hardcover)–ISBN-10:1-4144-2878-2(v.1hardcover)[etc.]
1. Science–Encyclopedias.
Lerner,K.Lee.Lerner,BrendaWilmoth.
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2006037485
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CONTENTS
Alphabetical List of Entries vii–xxiv
..............
Organization of the Encyclopedia xxv
...........
Introduction xxvii–xxviii
.................................
Advisory Board xxix–xxx
................................
Contributors xxxi–xxxviii
...............................
Entries
Volume1 (Aardvark–Centrifuge)............1–858
Volume2 (Ceramics–Eutrophication).859–1646
Volume3 (Evaporation–Lemurs) ....1647–2494
Volume4 (Lens–Plantdiseases)......2495–3378
Volume5 (Plantpigmentation–Stress,
ecological)....................3379–4188
Volume6 (Stringtheory–
Zooplankton)................4189–4752
General Index 4753–4992
...............................
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 4 v
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ENTRIES
Aflatoxin Aluminumhydroxide
A Africa Alzheimer’sdisease
Ageoftheuniverse Amaranthfamily(Amaranthaceae)
Aardvark
Agentorange Amaryllisfamily(Amaryllidaceae)
Abacus
Aginganddeath AmericanStandardCodefor
Abrasives
Agouti InformationInterchange
Abscess
Agriculturalmachines Amestest
Absolutezero
Agrochemicals Amicablenumbers
Abyssalplain
Agronomy Amides
Acceleration
AIDS Aminoacid
Accelerators
AIDStherapiesandvaccines Ammonia
Accretiondisk
Airmassesandfronts Ammonification
Accuracy
Airpollution Amnesia
Aceticacid
Aircraft Amniocentesis
Acetone
Airship Amoeba
Acetylcholine
Albatrosses Amphetamines
Acetylsalicylicacid
Albedo Amphibians
Acidrain
Albinism Amplifier
Acidsandbases
Alchemy Amputation
Acne
Alcohol Anabolism
Acornworm
Alcoholism Anaerobic
Acoustics
Aldehydes Analemma
Actinides
Algae Analgesia
Actionpotential
Algebra Analogsignalsanddigitalsignals
Activatedcomplex
Algorithm Analyticgeometry
Activegalacticnuclei
Acupressure Alkalimetals Anaphylaxis
Acupuncture Alkalineearthmetals Anatomy
ADA(adenosinedeaminase)deficiency Alkaloid Anatomy,comparative
Adaptation Alkylgroup Anchovy
Addiction Alleles Anemia
Addison’sdisease Allergy Anesthesia
Addition Allotrope Aneurism
Adenosinediphosphate Alloy Angelfish
Adenosinetriphosphate Alluvialsystems Angiography
Adhesive Alphaparticle Angiosperm
Adipocere Alternatelightsourceanalysis Angle
Adrenals Alternativeenergysources Anglerfish
Aerobic Alternativemedicine Animal
Aerodynamics Altruism Animalbreeding
Aerosols Aluminum Animalcancertests
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 4 vii
s Anion Arteries
e
ri Anode Arteriosclerosis B
t
n
E Anoles Arthritis
f Babblers
o Antarctica Arthropods
t Baboons
Lis Antbirdsandgnat-eaters Arthroscopicsurgery Bacteria
al Anteaters Artifactsandartifactclassification
tic Antelopesandgazelles Artificialfibers Bacteriophage
e Badgers
b Antenna Artificialheartandheartvalve
a Ballbearing
h Anthrax Artificialintelligence
Alp Anthropocentrism Artificialvision Ballisticmissiles
Ballistics
Anthropometry Arumfamily(Araceae)
Balloon
Anti-inflammatoryagents Asbestos
Banana
Antibiotics Asexualreproduction
Bandicoots
Antibodyandantigen Asia
Barcode
Anticoagulants Assemblyline
Barberry
Anticonvulsants Asses
Antidepressantdrugs Associativeproperty Barbets
Antihelmintics Asteroid2002AA29 Barbiturates
Antihistamines Asthenosphere Bariatrics
Antimatter Asthma Barium
Antimetabolites Astrobiology Bariumsulfate
Antioxidants Astroblemes Bark
Antiparticle Astrolabe Barley
Antipsychoticdrugs Astrometry Barnacles
Antisepsis Astronomicalunit Barometer
Antlions Astronomy Barracuda
Ant-pipits Astrophysics Barrierislands
Ants Atmosphere,compositionand Basin
Anxiety structure Bass
Apes Atmosphereobservation Basswood
Apgarscore Atmosphericcirculation Bathymetricmaps
Aphasia Atmosphericopticalphenomena Bathysphere
Aphids Atmosphericpressure Bats
Approximation Atmospherictemperature Battery
Apraxia Atomicclock Beachnourishment
Aqueduct Atomicmodels Beardworms
Aquifer Atomicnumber Bears
Arachnids Atomicspectroscopy Beavers
Arapaima Atomictheory Bedrock
Arc Atomicweight Bee-eaters
Arclamp Atoms Beechfamily(Fagaceae)
Archaebacteria Attention-deficit/hyperactivity Bees
Archaeoastronomy disorder(ADHD) Beetles
Archaeogenetics Auks Beets
Archaeologicalmapping Australia Begonia
Archaeologicalsites Autism Behavior
Archaeology Autoimmunedisorders Bennettites
Archaeometallurgy Automaticpilot Benzene
Archaeometry Automation Benzoicacid
Arithmetic Automobile Bernoulli’sprinciple
Armadillos Autopsy Beta-blockers
Arrowworms Autotroph Bigbangtheory
Arrowgrass Avogadro’snumber Binarystar
Arrowroot Aye-ayes Bindlepaper
viii GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 4
Binocular Bluebirds A
Binomialtheorem Boarfish C lp
h
Bioaccumulation Boas ab
Cactus e
Bioassay Bohrmodel CAD/CAM/CIM tic
Biochemicaloxygendemand Boilingpoint al
Biochemistry Caddisflies L
Biodegradablesubstances Bondenergy Caecilians ist
Bonyfish o
Biodiversity Boobiesandgannets Caffeine fE
Caisson n
Bioenergy t
Biofeedback Booleanalgebra Calcium rie
Boricacid Calciumcarbonate s
Biofilms
Botany Calciumoxide
Bio-flips
Botulism Calciumpropionate
Bioinformaticsandcomputational
biology Bowen’sreactionseries Calciumsulfate
Biologicalandbiomimeticsystems Bowerbirds Calculator
Biologicalcommunity Bowfin Calculus
Biologicalrhythms Boxfish Calendars
Biologicalwarfare Brachiopods Calibration
Biology Brackish Caliper
Bioluminescence Brain Calorie
Biomagnification Breathalyzer(cid:2) Calorimetry
Biomass Camels
Brewing
Biome Canal
Brick
Biometrics Cancel
Bridges
Biophysics Cancer
Bristletails
Bioremediation Canines
Brittlestar
Biosphere Cantilever
Bromeliadfamily(Bromeliaceae)
BiosphereProject Capacitance
Bronchitis
Biotechnology Capacitor
Bioterrorism Browndwarf Capillaries
Bipolardisorder Brownianmotion Capillaryaction
Birchfamily(Betulaceae) Brucellosis Caprimulgids
Birds Bryophyte Captivebreedingandreintroduction
Birdsofparadise Bubonicplague Capuchins
Birdsofprey Buckminsterfullerene Capybaras
Birth Buckthorn Carbohydrate
Birthdefects Buckwheat Carbon
Bison Budsandbudding Carboncycle
Bitterns Buffer Carbondioxide
Bivalves Carbonmonoxide
Buildingdesign/architecture
BLLacertaeobject Carbontetrachloride
Bulbuls
Blackhole Carbonylgroup
Bunsenburner
Blackbirds Carboxylgroup
Buoyancy,principleof
Blackbodyradiation Carboxylicacids
Buret
Bleach Carcinogen
Burn
Blennies Cardiaccycle
Bustards
Blindnessandvisualimpairments Cardinalnumber
Buttercup
Blindsnakes Cardinalsandgrosbeaks
Butterflies
Blood Caribou
Bloodgasanalysis Butterflyfish Carnivore
Bloodsupply Butylgroup Carnivorousplants
Bloodstainevidence Butylatedhydroxyanisole Carp
Blottinganalysis Butylatedhydroxytoluene Carpaltunnelsyndrome
Bluerevolution(aquaculture) Buzzards Carrier(genetics)
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 4 ix
s Carrotfamily(Apiaceae) Chickenpox Cogeneration
e
ri Carryingcapacity Childhooddiseases Cognition
t
n
E Cartesiancoordinateplane Chimaeras Cold,common
f
o Cartilaginousfish Chimpanzees Collagen
t
Lis Cartography Chinchilla Colloid
al Cashewfamily(Anacardiaceae) Chipmunks Colobusmonkeys
tic Cassinispacecraft Chitons Color
e
b Catabolism Chlordane Colorblindness
a
h Catalystandcatalysis Chlorinatedhydrocarbons Colugos
p
Al Catastrophism Chlorination Coma
Catfish Chlorine Combinatorics
Catheters Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) Combustion
Cathode Chloroform CometHale-Bopp
Cathoderaytube Chlorophyll Comets
Cation Chloroplast Commensalism
Cats Cholera Communityecology
Cattails Cholesterol Commutativeproperty
Cattlefamily(Bovidae) Chordates Compactdisc
Cauterization Chorionicvillussampling(CVS) Competition
Cave Chromatin ComplementaryDNA
Cavefish Chromatography Complex
Celestialcoordinates Chromosomalabnormalities Complexnumbers
Celestialmechanics Chromosome Compositefamily(Compositaceae)
Celestialsphere:Theapparent Chromosomemapping Compositematerials
motionsofthesun,moon,planets, Cicadas Composting
andstars Cigarettesmoke Compound,chemical
Cell Circle Comptoneffect
Celldeath Circulatorysystem Compulsion
Celldivision Circumscribedandinscribed Computer,analog
Cellmembranetransport Cirrhosis Computer,digital
Cellstaining Citricacid Computerhardwaresecurity
Cell,electrochemical Citrustrees Computerkeystrokerecorder
Cellularrespiration Civets Computerlanguages
Cellulartelephone Climax(ecological) Computermemory,physicalandvir-
Cellulose Clingfish tualmemory
Centipedes Clipperchip Computermodeling
Centrifuge Cloneandcloning Computersoftware
Ceramics Closedcurves Computersoftwaresecurity
Cerenkoveffect Closureproperty Computervirus
Cetaceans Clouds Computerizedaxialtomography
Chachalacas Clubmosses Concentration
Chameleons Coal Concrete
Chaos Coastandbeach Conditioning
Charge-coupleddevice Coatis Condors
Chelate Coca Congenital
Chemicalbond Cocaine Congruence(triangle)
Chemicalevolution Cockatoos Conicsections
Chemicaloxygendemand Cockroaches Conifer
Chemicalreactions Codeine Connectivetissue
Chemicalwarfare Codfishes Conservation
Chemistry Codons Conservationlaws
Chemoreception Coefficient Constellation
Chestnut Coelacanth Constructions
Chi-squaretest Coffeeplant Contaminatedsoil
x GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 4
Contamination Crystal Deuterium A
Continent Cubicequations Developmentalprocesses lp
h
Continentaldrift Cuckoos Dewpoint ab
e
Continentalmargin Curare Diabetesmellitus t
ic
Continentalshelf Curlews Diagnosis a
l
Continuity Currents Dialysis L
is
Contourplowing Curve Diamond t
o
Contraception Cushingsyndrome Diatoms fE
n
Convection Cuttlefish Dielectricmaterials t
r
Coordinationcompound Cybernetics Dieselengine ie
s
Copepods Cycads Diethylstilbestrol(DES)
Copper Cyclamate Diffraction
Coralandcoralreef Cycloneandanticyclone Diffractiongrating
Corioliseffect Cyclosporine Diffusion
Cork Cyclotron Digestivesystem
Corm Cysticfibrosis Digitalrecording
Cormorants Cytochrome Digitalis
Corn(maize) Cytology Dik-diks
Coronalejectionsandmagnetic Dinosaur
storms Diode
Correlation(geology) Dioxin
D
Correlation(mathematics) Diphtheria
Corrosion Dams Dipole
Cosmicbackgroundradiation Damselflies Directvariation
Cosmicray Darkmatter Disease
Cosmology Datingtechniques Dissociation
Cotingas DDT(Dichlorodiphenyl- Distance
Cotton trichloroaceticacid) Distillation
Coulomb Deafnessandinheritedhearingloss Distributiveproperty
Countable Decimalfraction Disturbance,ecological
Coursersandpratincoles Decomposition Diurnalcycles
Courtship Decontaminationmethods Division
Coypu Decryption DNAdatabanks
Crabs Deer DNAfingerprinting
Crane Deermouse DNArecognitioninstruments
Cranes Deforestation DNAreplication
Crayfish Degree DNAsynthesis
Crestfish Dehydroepiandrosterone(DHEA) DNAtechnology
Creutzfeldt-Jakobdisease Delta DNAvaccine
Crickets Dementia Dobsonflies
Crimesceneinvestigation Dendrochronology Dogwoodtree
Crimescenereconstruction Denguefever Domain
Criticalhabitat Denitrification Donkeys
Crocodiles Density Dopamine
Croprotation Dentistry Dopplereffect
Crops Deoxyribonucleicacid(DNA) Dories
Crossmultiply Deposit Dormouse
Cross-section Depression Dosimetry
Crowsandjays Depthperception Double-blindstudy
Crustacea Derivative Doublehelix
Cryobiology Desalination Downsyndrome
Cryogenics Desert Dragonflies
Cryptography,encryption,and Desertification Driftnet
numbertheory Determinants Drongos
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 4 xi