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Advanced Structured Materials Rocco Furferi Rodorico Giorgi Kate Seymour Anna Pelagotti Editors The Future of Heritage Science and Technologies Materials Science Advanced Structured Materials Volume 179 Series Editors Andreas Öchsner, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Esslingen University of Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany Lucas F. M. da Silva, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Holm Altenbach , Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany Common engineering materials are reaching their limits in many applications, and new developments are required to meet the increasing demands on engineering materials. The performance of materials can be improved by combining different materials to achieve better properties than with a single constituent, or by shaping the material or constituents into a specific structure. The interaction between material and structure can occur at different length scales, such as the micro, meso, or macro scale, and offers potential applications in very different fields. This book series addresses the fundamental relationships between materials and their structure on overall properties (e.g., mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, or magnetic properties, etc.). Experimental data and procedures are presented, as well as methods for modeling structures and materials using numerical and analytical approaches. In addition, the series shows how these materials engineering and design processes are implemented and how new technologies can be used to optimize materials and processes. Advanced Structured Materials is indexed in Google Scholar and Scopus. · · · Rocco Furferi Rodorico Giorgi Kate Seymour Anna Pelagotti Editors The Future of Heritage Science and Technologies Materials Science Editors Rocco Furferi Rodorico Giorgi Ingegneria Industriale Dipartimento di Chimica ‘Ugo Schiff’ Università di Firenze University of Florence Firenze, Italy Florence, Italy Kate Seymour Anna Pelagotti Stichting Restauratie Atelier Limburg European Commission, Bruxelles Maastricht, The Netherlands Italian National Council of Research Seconded to the European Research Council Firenze, Italy ISSN 1869-8433 ISSN 1869-8441 (electronic) Advanced Structured Materials ISBN 978-3-031-15675-5 ISBN 978-3-031-15676-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15676-2 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface and Acknowledgements This book presents a selection of contributions, dealing with the application of Mechanical Engineering in the field of Cultural Heritage, presented at the 3rd Florence Heri-Tech International Conference, held on May 16–18, 2022, in Firenze, Italy. Organized under the patronage of the University of Florence with the support of the Department of Industrial Engineering, Florence Heri-Tech gathered researchers and experts in the field of “heritage science and related technologies” to disseminate their recent research at an international level as well as to draw new inspiration. The Conference was part of the 2022 Florence International Biennial for Art and Restoration, an international event attracting prestigious institutions and companies and creating a unique opportunity to bring together the academic world with industry. The overarching goal of Florence Heri-Tech is to promote European mobility and cooperation among researchers, students, and practitioners, to further Europe’s growth as a multicultural society, and to promote the idea that scientific-cultural research must be an important part of society. Furthermore, the Conference intends to foster international networks between universities, training institutions, and businesses in order to foster long-term partnership prospects. More than 80 experts, coordinated by General Chairs and supported by a high- level Technical and Scientific Committee, were involved in the review process, which led to the selection of 22 papers (out of 101 papers submitted at the Conference and 146 abstracts received by the Scientific Committee). The overall number of authors involved was 154. Contributions focus on multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary research concerning the use of innovative materials, methods, and technologies for documenting, managing, preserving, and communicating cultural heritage. The editors would like to personally thank everyone participating in the review process for their dedication and skill at the service of the Conference. Special appre- ciation goes to the members of the Technical and Scientific Committees who made it possible for the Conference to take place. The Conference prestige was enhanced by the participation of Honorary Chairs: Prof. Dei, Prof. Baglioni, Prof. Bonsanti, Prof. Cappellini, Prof. Cather, Prof. Ciatti, Prof. Colombini, Prof. Rodrigues, Prof. Santos, and Prof. Sgamellotti. General Chairs v vi PrefaceandAcknowledgements extend their thanks to all authors, speakers, and those persons whose labor, financial support, and encouragement made the Florence Heri-Tech event possible. Florence, Italy Rocco Furferi Florence, Italy Anna Pelagotti Maastricht, The Netherlands Kate Seymour Florence, Italy Rodorico Giorgi Organization Committee General Chairs Rocco Furferi, Lapo Governi, Yary Volpe, Rodorico Giorgi, University of Florence Anna Pelagotti, Executive Agency of the European Research Council Kate Seymour, Stichting Restauratie Atelier Limburg (SRAL), Maastricht Organizing Committee Elena Amodei, Lucia Maranzana Francesco Gherardini, University of Modena Rocco Furferi, University of Florence Honorary Chairs Piero Baglioni, University of Florence Giorgio Bonsanti, University of Florence Vito Cappellini, University of Florence Sharon Cather, The Courtauld Institute of Art, London Marco Ciatti, Opificio delle Pietre Dure, Florence Maria Perla Colombini, CNR-ICVBC. National Research Council of Italy, Institute for the Conservation and Valorization of Cultural Heritage Luigi Dei, Rector of the University of Florence Jose Delgado Rodrigues, Laboratorio Nacional De Engenharia Civil, Lisbon Mauro Matteini, Former Director of ICVBC, Istituto per la Conservazione e la Valorizzazione dei Beni Culturali—CNR Mario Primicerio, University of Florence vii viii OrganizationCommittee Pedro Santos, Fraunhofer Institute for Computer Graphics Research IGD, Darmstadt Antonio Sgamellotti, University of Perugia Technical and Scientific Committee Hani M. Al Huneidi, International Cultural Heritage Specialist, Jordan Fabrizio Argenti, Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence Carla Balocco, Industrial Engineering Department, University of Florence Umberto Berardi, Canada Research Chair, Ryerson University Francesco Bianconi, Department of Engineering, University of Perugia Michele Bici, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering of Sapienza, University of Rome (Italy) Francesco Buonamici, Department of Industrial Engineering, Unifi Andrea Camilli, Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici della Toscana, Department Member JoAnn Cassar, University of Malta Duccio Cavalieri, Department of Biology, University of Florence Angelo Corallo, Department of Innovation Engineering, Unisalento Sidney Cheung, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Corinna Del Bianco, Director of the International Institute Life Beyond Tourism and Adviser of the Romualdo Del Bianco Foundation Alberto Del Bimbo, Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence Luca Di Angelo, Department of Industrial Engineering University of L’Aquila Fabio Bruno, Department of Mechanical Energetics and Management Engineering, University of Calabria Leila Es Sebar, Ph.D. in Metrology, Politecnico di Torino Federica Fernandez, IEMEST, Istituto EuroMediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia, Director of Department NIMA Francesco Ferrise, Department of Mechanics Polytechnic of Milan Marco Fioravanti, Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences Agriculture, Food and Forestry Systems University of Florence Bernard Frischer, Department of Informatics, Indiana University Leire Garmendia Arrieta, Faculty of Engineering in Bilbao University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Francesco Gherardini, Department of Engineering “Enzo Ferrari”, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Giacomo Goli, Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences Agriculture, Food and Forestry Systems, University of Florence Gabriele Guidi, Department of Mechanics Polytechnic of Milan Susan Hazan, Coordinator, Israel Consortium for Digital Heritage Ernesto Iadanza, University of Florence OrganizationCommittee ix Luca Lanzoni, Architect and Urban Planner, International Expert/Lead Expert in the Field of Cultural Heritage Enhancements, UPCT Polytechnical University of Cartagena, Spain Mariangela Lazoi, Department of Innovation Engineering, Unisalento Susan Macdonald, Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angles Tomas Markevicius, University of Amsterdam Pedro Martín Lerones, Heritage Area Manager, CARTIF Technology Center, Spain Nina Olsson, Art Conservation, Portland, Oregon, USA Alessandro Patelli, Department of Physics and Astronomy “Galileo Galilei”, University of Padua Anselmo Pavia, Applied Computer Group, Computer Science Department, Federal University of Maranhão, Brazil Marcello Pellicciari, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia María Jesús Peñalver Martínez, Department of Architecture and Building Tech- nology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena Vincenzo Armando Razionale, University of Pisa Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering Alessandro Ridolfi, Department of Industrial Engineering at the University of Florence Cristiano Riminesi, Scienze del patrimonio culturale. Studio e sviluppo di tecniche e metodologie per la conservazione dei beni culturali, CNR Italian National Research Council Kate Seymour, Stichting Restauratie Atelier Limburg, Maastricht, The Netherlands Alba Patrizia Santo, Earth Sciences Department of University of Florence Piero Tiano, Institute for the Conservation and Valorization of Cultural Heritage (ICVBC) Grazia Tucci, Department of Civil, Constructional, and Environmental Engineering Francesca Uccheddu, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence Vaccaro, Vincenzo, Opera del Duomo, Florence