The Fundamentals of Landscape Architecture

202 Pages·2009·42.23 MB·English

by  Tim Waterman

T T T a
Tim Waterman studied landscape The Fundamentals of Landscape i h i n Other architecture titles
architecture in the United States at the Architecture provides an introduction to the m W e F m W ot oraf ningtee irnecsltu idne A:VA’s Academia
University of Idaho and went on to become basic premises and functions of this broad
a u a h
a Master of Landscape Architecture at field. From climate change to sustainable t n t e The Visual Dictionary of
the Rhode Island School of Design. His communities, landscape architecture is at e d e r Architecture
r a r
primary interest is in urbanism, especially the forefront of today’s most crucial issues. m m m i The Visual Dictionary of Interior
how individuals use their imaginations to It serves as a guide to the many a e a n Architecture
form a comprehensible image of the city. specialisations within landscape n n n t The Fundamentals of Architecture
t
He has had a restless background as a architecture, such as landscape strategy a h The Fundamentals of
and urban design. l e
Interior Architecture
writer, artist, community activist and s
A
now urbanist. He has lived all over the This book explains the process of designing o v Basics Architecture:
US and Europe and this has shaped his for sites, including historical precedents, f a Representational Techniques

passion for landscapes. He now lives and evolving philosophies and how a project L A Basics Architecture:
works in London, where he has worked moves from concept to design and finally, a c Construction and Materiality
n
on numerous large-scale strategic and to realisation. This book will be valuable d a Basics Landscape Architecture:
master planning projects. Tim lectures for young adults making career choices, s d Urban Design
c e
in landscape architecture at the Writtle design students in foundation courses,
a m Basics Interior Architecture:
School of Design. and professionals of all types seeking to p i Form and Structure
gain a better understanding of landscape e a
Basics Interior Architecture:
architecture as it gains importance and A
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prominence internationally. e
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h r Basics Interior Architecture:
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ISBN 978-2-940373-91-8
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THE FUNDAMENTALS OF
LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE
TIM WATERMAN
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1 2 3
HISTORY AND IDEAS 12 SITE AND CONTEXT 50 INHABITING THE LANDSCAPE 84
Yesterday and today 14 Landscape: site and context 52 Site planning and development 86
Before the ancient world 16 Climate 58 The view of the landscape 92
The ancient world 22 Land 64 Landscape planting 96
The Middle Ages 26 Water 68 Flow: circulation and access 100
The Renaissance and baroque 30 Plants 72 Structures and habitation 104
The nineteenth century 38 Topography 76 Community planning 108
The twentieth century 42 Landscape character 80
Millennial landscapes 48
How to get the most out of 6 Conclusion 180
this book Glossary 182
Introduction 8 Contacts and useful resources 186
Bibliography 189
Index 190
Acknowledgements and 192
picture credits
Working with ethics 193
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4 5 6
REPRESENTATION 112 THE ANATOMY OF A PROJECT 140 CAREERS 164
The sketch 114 The Coventry Phoenix Initiative 142 Design and vision 166
Orthographic projection 118 The project timeline 144 Planning the landscape 168
Perspective 122 1. Brief 146 Management and
3D images 124 2. Concept 148 conservation 170
Models 126 3. Analysis 150 Historic conservation 172
Computer-aided design (CAD) 130 4. Synthesis 152 The science of landscape 174
Storyboards 132 5. Detail development 158 Cities and towns 176
The moving image 134 6. Construction 160 Gardens and parks 178
Presentation 136 7. Maturation 162
The portfolio 138
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HOW TO GET THE MOST OUT OF THIS BOOK
6 3
84 INHABITING THE LANDSCAPE Construction of Ken Smith’s 85
Museum of Modern Art Roof
When we live in a place, make a home in it, GThaer dtreann, sNfoerwm Yaotriokn from a
a permanent investment, we are said to ftehaattu craepletusrse esx tphaen ismea tgoi an aptliaocne.
inhabit it. A good place is one in which
we feel comfortable, that fits us like a
K pair of worn jeans. Landscape architects
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Images
Photographs, diagrams and
illustrations from an array of
professional practices bring the text
to life.
Chapter introductions Captions
Provide a brief outline of the key Supply contextual information
concepts and ideas that the chapter about the images and help connect
will explore. the visuals with those key concepts
discussed in the body copy.
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7
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION Section drawings
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dimensional measured technical drawing. Plans included in the drawing. It can be particularly m
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Box outs Colour coding
Contain more detailed and contextual Denotes the chapter.
information about those landscape
architects or practices that are
referred to in the body copy.
Navigation Diagrams
Chapter navigation helps you Help to explain landscape
determine which chapter unit you architectural theory and concepts in
are in and what the preceding and more detail.
following sections are.
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INTRODUCTION
climate and ecology. It also includes a knowledge
8 ‘ If there’s sky, it’s mine.’
of structures and how they are built, such as
Kathryn Gustafson,
roads and bridges, walls, paving and even the
Landscape architect occasional building. Landscape architects are
broad thinkers who thrive on the big picture.
Landscape architects are playing an
increasingly important role in solving the great
WHAT IS LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE?
N issues of our day, such as dealing with climate
O When asked where landscape architects work,
TI change and providing sustainable communities.
C many people might point out their back door to
U They are working on urban regeneration
OD the garden. It would be more accurate, however,
R and master-planning projects, tackling
T to look out the front door. The landscape is
IN environmental hazards, designing Olympic
anywhere and everywhere outdoors, and
sites, and creating the public squares, parks and
landscape architects are shaping the face of
streets we all use.
the Earth across cities, towns and countryside
Landscape architecture is increasingly a field
alike. Landscape architecture involves shaping
that requires natural leaders who can utilise their
and managing the physical world and the natural
wide-ranging knowledge to lead large projects.
systems that we inhabit. Landscape architects
It still, however, provides plenty of opportunities
do design gardens, but what is critical is that the
to make a substantial difference on a smaller
garden, or any other outdoor space, is seen in
scale as well. It is simply not possible to give
context. All living things are interdependent, and
a satisfactory short definition of landscape
the landscape is where they all come together.
architecture, because of the incredible breadth
Context is social, cultural, environmental and
of the field – but far from being a shortcoming,
historical, amongst other considerations.
this is landscape architecture’s great strength.
Landscape architects are constantly zooming
For those who crave both variety and a challenge,
in and out from the details to the big picture to
and are curious about everything that makes
ensure that balance is maintained.
the world go around, a career in landscape
Landscape architecture combines art and
architecture is ideal.
science to make places. The art provides a
vision for a landscape, using drawings, models,
computer imaging and text. The elements of
design, such as line, shape, texture and colour,
are used to create these images, and the process
allows the designer to both communicate
with an audience and to visualise the site in
order to act upon it. The science includes an
understanding of natural systems, including
geology, soils, plants, topography, hydrology,
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Fresh Kills Lifescape, Staten
Island, New York, Field Operations,
2001–2005
Fresh Kills is an artificial topography
created by half a century’s worth of
New York garbage. It shows the great
range of landscape architecture in
one project, from the need to mitigate
pollution, clean groundwater and trap
escaping methane while creating a
public park for people and wildlife.
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WHERE DO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS WORK? e
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Landscape architects work within an incredibly Historic places – historic monuments,
diverse number of places. Anywhere humans heritage landscapes, historic urban areas
have a hand in shaping the landscape, you may Scholarly places – universities, botanic
find a landscape architect at work. Some may gardens, arboreta
specialise in a specific area, but many will have Contemplative places – healing gardens, sensory
the opportunity to work with a wide variety of gardens, cemeteries
fields over the course of a career. Productive places – community gardens, storm
water management, agricultural land
Everyday places – schoolyards, parks, streets Industrial places – factories and industrial
Monumental places – Olympic campuses, grand development, mining and mine reclamation,
public squares, waterfront developments reservoirs and hydroelectric installations
Play places – resorts, golf courses, playgrounds, Travel places – highways, transportation
theme or amusement parks corridors and structures, bridges
Natural places – national parks, wetlands, The entire place – new towns, urban regeneration
forests, environmental preserves and housing projects
Private places – gardens, courtyards,
corporate campuses, science or industrial parks
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