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Pagei THE FOUNDATION ENGINEERING HANDBOOK Pageii This page intentionally left blank. Pageiii THE FOUNDATION ENGINEERING HANDBOOK Editedby Manjriker Gunaratne Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York ACRC title,part ofthe Taylor& Francis imprint,amemberofthe Taylor& Francis Group, theacademicdivisionofT&F Informaplc. Pageiv Publishedin2006by CRCPress Taylor&FrancisGroup 6000BrokenSoundParkwayNW,Suite300 BocaRaton,FL33487–2742 ©2006byTaylor&FrancisGroup,LLC CRCPressisanimprintofTaylor&FrancisGroup ThiseditionpublishedintheTaylor&Francise-Library,2006. TopurchaseyourowncopyofthisoranyofTaylor&FrancisorRoutledge’scollectionofthousands ofeBookspleasegotowww.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. NoclaimtooriginalU.S.Governmentworks 10987654321 ISBN 0-203-48441-X Mastere-bookISBN ISBN 0-203-61133-0(OEBFormat) InternationalStandardBookNumber-10:0-8493-1159-4(PrintEdition)(Hardcover) InternationalStandardBookNumber-13:978-0-8493-1159-8(PrintEdition)(Hardcover) LibraryofCongressCardNumber2005050886 Thisbookcontainsinformationobtainedfromauthenticandhighlyregardedsources.Reprinted materialisquotedwith permission,andsourcesareindicated.Awidevarietyofreferencesarelisted.Reasonableeffortshave beenmadetopublish reliabledataandinformation,buttheauthorandthepublishercannotassumeresponsibilityforthe validityofallmaterials orforthe consequencesoftheiruse. Nopartofthisbookmaybereprinted,reproduced,transmitted,orutilizedinanyformbyany electronic,mechanical,or othermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopying,microfilming,andrecording, orinanyinformation storageorretrievalsystem,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthepublishers. Forpermissiontophotocopyorusematerialelectronicallyfromthiswork,pleaseaccess www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/)orcontacttheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.(CCC)222Rosewood Drive,Danvers,MA 01923,978–750–8400.CCCisanot-for-profitorganizationthatprovideslicensesandregistrationfor avarietyofusers.For organizationsthathavebeengrantedaphotocopylicensebytheCCC,aseparatesystemofpayment hasbeenarranged. TrademarkNotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksorregisteredtrademarks,andare usedonlyfor identificationandexplanationwithoutintenttoinfringe. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Thefoundationengineeringhandbook/editedbyManjrikerGunaratne. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN0-8493-1159-4 1.Foundations—Handbooks,manuals,etc.2.Soilmechanics—Handbooks,manuals,etc.I.Gunaratne, Manjriker. TA775.F6772006 624.1'5–dc2220050508 Taylor&FrancisGroup istheAcademicDivisionofT&FInformaplc. VisittheTaylor&FrancisWebsiteat http://www.taylorandfrancis.com andtheCRCPressWebsiteat http://www.crcpress.com Pagev Preface Agenuineneedexistedforanupdated foundation engineeringhandbookthat incorporates, in additiontoclassical principles offoundationdesigns, significant contributions madetotheart offoundationdesignbypractitioners and researchers duringthelast twodecades. Ofspecial significanceinthis regardis theknowledgeof(1) innovative insitutestingandsite improvement techniques that haveevolved recently; (2) cost-effectivedesignmethods that makeuseof geogrids for mechanicallystabilizedearthretainingstructures; (3)concepts involvedingrounddeformationmodelingusingfiniteelements; and(4)latest modifications intheACIcodes applicabletostructural designof foundations. This handbooklargelyfulfills theaboveneeds, sincetheeditorandthe contributors havefocusedondiscussingthestateof theart oftheoretical and appliedfoundationengineeringand concretedesigninaconciseand simplefashion. Reliability-baseddesign concepts that havebeenincorporatedinmost up-to-datestructural andpavement design guidelines aremakinginroads intofoundationengineeringas well. Hence,theeditordecided toincludereliability-baseddesign and LRFD(loadresistance factor design) concepts alongwithrelevant illustrativeexamples inthis handbook.This stepnot onlymakes this handbooksomewhat uniqueamongother currentlyavailablefoundation engineeringliterature,but also it provides anopportunityforpractitioners andstudents alike tofamiliarizethemselves withthebasics oflimit statedesign appliedtofoundation engineering. Furthermore,theeditor’s extensiveexperienceas anengineeringeducator has constantly indicatedthat,inspiteoftheavailabilityof anumberofexcellent textbooks infoundation engineering,aquickreferencethat mostlyfocuses onsignificant andcommonly-used foundationengineeringprinciples andillustrativeexamples has beenindemand.This handbookalso addresses suchaneed,sinceit can beadoptedconvenientlyas atextbook,both at theundergraduate and graduatelevels. It is indeedmypleasuretohaveworkedwithadistinguishedset ofcontributors whotook timeoffoftheirextremelybusyprofessional careers andproducedtheirbest inkeepingwith theirusual professional performance.Myappreciationis conveyedto IngridHall oftheCivil andEnvironmental EngineeringDepartment,Universityof SouthFlorida’s civil engineering graduatestudents Alex Mraz, IvanSokolic,Mathiyaparanam andKalyani Jeyisankar,Dumina Randeniya,andundergraduatestudent Mercedes Quintas fortheirhelpin preparingthe manuscript.Thesupport ofmychildren,RuwanandAruni,andmywife, Prabha,duringthe arduous task ofmakingthis project arealityis alsogratefullyacknowledged. Iwish toextend myspecial thanks toCindyReneeCarelli,former engineeringacquisitions editor; Matt Lamoreaux,current engineeringacquisitions editor; ElizabethSpangenberger; andotherstaff ofTaylor &Francis fortheirmeticulous workon publishingthis handbook.Thanks are also duetotherelevant publishers whopermittedtheuseofmaterial from other references. Ialso express myprofoundgratitude tolateProfessorAlagiahThurairajah, formerdeanof theFacultyof Engineering,Peradeniya University, Sri Lanka,andprominent memberofthe Cambridge University’s CamClaygroupforintroducingmetoNorthAmericaand postgraduatestudies in geotechnics. Pagevi Finally,it is tomymother,JeannetteGunaratne,andmylatefather,RaymondGunaratne, that Idedicatethis book. ManjrikerGunaratne Universityof SouthFlorida Tampa Pagevii Abstract This handbookcontains someofthemost recent developments intheoretical andapplied foundationengineeringinadditiontoclassical foundationdesignmethods.Theinclusionof recent developments mostlyenriches theclassical designconcepts in Chapters 3–7,10and11. It also enables the reader toupdatehis orherknowledgeofnewmodelingconcepts applicable tofoundationdesign.Most recentlydeveloped insitutestingmethods discussedindetail in Chapter2 certainlyfamiliarizethereaderwithstate-of-the-art techniques adoptedinsite testing. Inaddition,modern groundstabilizationtechniques introducedin Chapter12 byan experiencedsenior engineerinHayward-Baker Inc.,aleadingauthorityin siteimprovement workacross NorthAmerica,provides the readerwiththeknowledgeofeffectivesite improvement techniques that areessential forfoundationdesign. Innovative andwidelyused methods oftestingpilefoundations areintroduced withnumerical illustrations inChapters 2 and 7. LRFDdesigns in Chapters3and 6andthe designof retainingstructures withgeogrids includedin Chapter10 areuniquefeatures ofthis foundationengineeringhandbook.Forthe benefit ofthereader,the basicandadvancedsoil mechanics concepts needed infoundation designare elaboratedwithseveral numerical examples in Chapter1. Pageviii This page intentionally left blank.