Table Of Content

(cid:1)he federal appointments process T Constitutional Conflicts ASerieswiththeInstitute of Billof RightsLawatthe Collegeof WilliamandMary (cid:2)eal(cid:3)evins,serieseditor (cid:1)he f e de r a l a p p o i n t m e n t s p r o c e s s T AConstitutionaland HistoricalAnalysis MichaelJ.Gerhardt duke university press DurhamandLondon 2003 ©2000DukeUniversityPress Allrightsreserved PrintedintheUnitedStates ofAmericaonacid-freepaper(cid:4) DesignedbyRebeccaGiménez TypesetinAdobeCaslonby TsengInformationSystems,Inc. LibraryofCongressCataloging- in-PublicationDataappearonthe lastprintedpageofthisbook. Paperbackedition©2003 Idedicatethisbookto mylovingwife,Deborah, withoutwhosesupport,faith, andpatiencenothingIdowould havemeaning;andtoourson, BenjaminSamuel,whom welovebeyondmeasure foreverandalways. contents T Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi IntroductiontothePaperbackEdition . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (cid:4)art(cid:5)ne the origins, structure, and evolution of the federal appointments process chapter one: the original understanding of the federal appointments process . . . . . . . . 15 TheFounders’DeliberationsonAllocating theFederalAppointmentsAuthority . . . . . . . . . . . 17 TheSenate’sPrenominationRole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 TheConstitutionalLimitsonPresidentialand SenatorialDiscretionintheAppointmentsProcess . . . .34 chapter two: the structure of the federal appointments process . . . . . . . . . . 39 TheSignificanceofaSingleAppointmentsClause . . . . . 39 ThePresumptionofConfirmation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 AgendaSetting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Consensus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 chapter three: historical changes and patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 TheIndispensabilityofClearContext . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Social,Political,andHistoricalDevelopments . . . . . . . 50 ConfirmationPatterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 (cid:4)art(cid:1)wo evaluating the roles of the major players in the federal appointments process chapter four: the president’s role in the federal appointments process . . . . . . . . 81 TheLimitationsofaPersonalizedEvaluation . . . . . . . . 81 TheSignificanceof InstitutionalAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . 87 ThePresidentialLearningCurveRegardingthe ChallengesPosedbytheAppointmentsProcess . . . . . 101 TheRelationshipbetweenPresidents’Nominating AuthorityorSelectionCriteriaandControlof ExecutivePerformanceandJudicialPolicymaking . . . 128 chapter five: the advice and consent of the senate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 EvaluatingSenatePerformanceGenerally . . . . . . . . . 136 AnalyzingSenatorialPowerstoInfluence FederalAppointments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 OtherSignificantPatternsandPractices . . . . . . . . . . 162 chapter six: the nominee’s functions . . . . . . . 180 TheRolesof Nominees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 NomineesasActiveAgentsonTheirOwnBehalf . . . . . 194 WhatKindsof PeopleQualifyasNominees? . . . . . . . 201 chapter seven: public and interest group participation in the appointments process . . . . 212 ThePublic’sParticipationinthe FederalAppointmentsProcess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 InterestGroupParticipationinthe FederalAppointmentsProcess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 TheDilemmaoftheAmericanBarAssociation . . . . . . 229 TheSignificanceof InformalAdvisers intheAppointmentsProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Contents viii chapter eight: the impact of media and technology on the federal appointments process . . . . . . . 234 TheMediaasEducator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 TheMediaasParticipant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 TheMediaasOmbudsman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 (cid:4)art(cid:1)hree reforming the federal appointments process chapter nine: the need for reform . . . . . . . . . 253 PreliminaryClarifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 GeneralSeparation-of-PowersConcernsinReforming theFederalAppointmentsProcess . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 TheFeasibilityof LegislatingMinimalQualifications . . . 273 InfluencingtheTermsof Debate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 ThePossibilityof ReducingSomeConflict intheAppointmentsProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 EnhancingPublicParticipation byMeansoftheInternet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 chapter ten: on the future of judicial selection: structure, rules, and norms . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 RethinkingtheConstitutionalStructure forJudicialSelection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 ProceduralRulesandNorms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Postscript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Afterword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 Contents ix

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Although the federal appointment of U.S. judges and executive branch officers has consistently engendered controversy, previous studies of the process have been limited to particular dramatic conflicts and have tended to view appointments in a vacuum without regard to other incidents in the process,
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The Federal Appointments Process: A Constitutional and Historical Analysis PDF

494 Pages·2003·1.99 MB·English
by  Michael J. Gerhardt
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(cid:1)he federal appointments process T Constitutional Conflicts ASerieswiththeInstitute of Billof RightsLawatthe Collegeof WilliamandMary (cid:2)eal(cid:3)evins,serieseditor (cid:1)he f e de r a l a p p o i n t m e n t s p r o c e s s T AConstitutionaland HistoricalAnalysis MichaelJ.Gerhardt duke university press DurhamandLondon 2003 ©2000DukeUniversityPress Allrightsreserved PrintedintheUnitedStates ofAmericaonacid-freepaper(cid:4) DesignedbyRebeccaGiménez TypesetinAdobeCaslonby TsengInformationSystems,Inc. LibraryofCongressCataloging- in-PublicationDataappearonthe lastprintedpageofthisbook. Paperbackedition©2003 Idedicatethisbookto mylovingwife,Deborah, withoutwhosesupport,faith, andpatiencenothingIdowould havemeaning;andtoourson, BenjaminSamuel,whom welovebeyondmeasure foreverandalways. contents T Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi IntroductiontothePaperbackEdition . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 (cid:4)art(cid:5)ne the origins, structure, and evolution of the federal appointments process chapter one: the original understanding of the federal appointments process . . . . . . . . 15 TheFounders’DeliberationsonAllocating theFederalAppointmentsAuthority . . . . . . . . . . . 17 TheSenate’sPrenominationRole. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29 TheConstitutionalLimitsonPresidentialand SenatorialDiscretionintheAppointmentsProcess . . . .34 chapter two: the structure of the federal appointments process . . . . . . . . . . 39 TheSignificanceofaSingleAppointmentsClause . . . . . 39 ThePresumptionofConfirmation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 AgendaSetting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Consensus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 chapter three: historical changes and patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 TheIndispensabilityofClearContext . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Social,Political,andHistoricalDevelopments . . . . . . . 50 ConfirmationPatterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 (cid:4)art(cid:1)wo evaluating the roles of the major players in the federal appointments process chapter four: the president’s role in the federal appointments process . . . . . . . . 81 TheLimitationsofaPersonalizedEvaluation . . . . . . . . 81 TheSignificanceof InstitutionalAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . 87 ThePresidentialLearningCurveRegardingthe ChallengesPosedbytheAppointmentsProcess . . . . . 101 TheRelationshipbetweenPresidents’Nominating AuthorityorSelectionCriteriaandControlof ExecutivePerformanceandJudicialPolicymaking . . . 128 chapter five: the advice and consent of the senate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 EvaluatingSenatePerformanceGenerally . . . . . . . . . 136 AnalyzingSenatorialPowerstoInfluence FederalAppointments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 OtherSignificantPatternsandPractices . . . . . . . . . . 162 chapter six: the nominee’s functions . . . . . . . 180 TheRolesof Nominees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 NomineesasActiveAgentsonTheirOwnBehalf . . . . . 194 WhatKindsof PeopleQualifyasNominees? . . . . . . . 201 chapter seven: public and interest group participation in the appointments process . . . . 212 ThePublic’sParticipationinthe FederalAppointmentsProcess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 InterestGroupParticipationinthe FederalAppointmentsProcess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 TheDilemmaoftheAmericanBarAssociation . . . . . . 229 TheSignificanceof InformalAdvisers intheAppointmentsProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 Contents viii chapter eight: the impact of media and technology on the federal appointments process . . . . . . . 234 TheMediaasEducator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 TheMediaasParticipant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 TheMediaasOmbudsman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 (cid:4)art(cid:1)hree reforming the federal appointments process chapter nine: the need for reform . . . . . . . . . 253 PreliminaryClarifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 GeneralSeparation-of-PowersConcernsinReforming theFederalAppointmentsProcess . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 TheFeasibilityof LegislatingMinimalQualifications . . . 273 InfluencingtheTermsof Debate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 ThePossibilityof ReducingSomeConflict intheAppointmentsProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 EnhancingPublicParticipation byMeansoftheInternet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 chapter ten: on the future of judicial selection: structure, rules, and norms . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 RethinkingtheConstitutionalStructure forJudicialSelection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 ProceduralRulesandNorms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Postscript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Afterword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 Contents ix

Description:
Although the federal appointment of U.S. judges and executive branch officers has consistently engendered controversy, previous studies of the process have been limited to particular dramatic conflicts and have tended to view appointments in a vacuum without regard to other incidents in the process,
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