The EU and Neighbors: A Geography of Europe in the Modern World PDF
Preview The EU and Neighbors: A Geography of Europe in the Modern World
THE EU AND NEIGHBORS A Geography of Europe in the Modern World ! THE EU AND NEIGHBORS A Geography of Europe in the Modern World BRIAN W. BLOUET CollegeofWilliamandMary JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. VicePresidentandPublisher JayO’Callaghan ExecutiveEditor RyanFlahive EditorialAssistant DarnellSessoms ExecutiveMarketingManager MargaretBarrett PhotoEditor JenniferMacMillan SeniorProductionManager JanisSoo AssociateProductionManager JoycePoh AssistantProductionEditor AnnabelleAng-Bok CoverPhoto ©SergioPitamitz/DanitaDelimont.com Coverdesign JosephGoh AboutTheCover:OnarockyRiveraMediterraneancoast,shelteredinletsarefew,butbeneathaprotective headlandinMonacoisasmallharborprovidingaseasidesettlementsite.Todaythetinyprincipalityisatax havenwhichhaspromotedmuchhighrisedevelopment. Thisbookwassetin10/12TimesRomanbyLaserwordsPrivateLimitedandprintedandboundbyMalloy Lithographers. Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper. 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Evaluationcopiesareprovidedtoqualifiedacademicsandprofessionalsforreviewpurposesonly,forusein theircoursesduringthenextacademicyear.Thesecopiesarelicensedandmaynotbesoldortransferredtoa thirdparty.Uponcompletionofthereviewperiod,pleasereturntheevaluationcopytoWiley.Return instructionsandafreeofchargereturnmailinglabelareavailableatwww.wiley.com/go/returnlabel.Ifyou havechosentoadoptthistextbookforuseinyourcourse,pleaseacceptthisbookasyourcomplimentary deskcopy.OutsideoftheUnitedStates,pleasecontactyourlocalsalesrepresentative. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Blouet,BrianW.,1936- TheEUandneighbors:ageographyofEuropeinthemodernworld/BrianW.Blouet. – 2nded. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-470-94340-3(pbk.) 1.Europe–Economicintegration. 2.Europe. I.Title. HC241.B5452012 341.242’2–dc23 2011039744 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10987654321 ! PREFACE " TO THE READER Thisbookisanentry-level,introductory,systemic,andregionalsurveyofEurope,which usestheEuropeanUnionasanorganizingfocusforthetext.Itisnotassumedthatstudents have already taken a geography course and as geographic concepts are introduced they are explained. The book is divided into two parts. The systematic chapters cover the environment, cultural geography, population, settlement systems, economies, and political geography. The regional chapters examine Europe on a country-by-country basis, but countries are groupedintheordertheyenteredtheEuropeancommunity.Inbroadtermsthesequence is Western Europe, Southern Europe, Northern Europe, and Eastern Europe. Turkey and the countries of Eastern Europe, still awaiting entry, are covered as are states emerging from the former Soviet Socialist Republics, which are not yet candidates for EU entry. Place names are usually in the form used in Goode’sWorldAtlas, 21st edition, but the NationalGeographicSocietyCollegeAtlasoftheWorld (2007) was made use of, as wasSaulCohen(ed.)ColumbiaGazeteerofTheWorld.NewYork,ColumbiaUniversity Press, 1998. " ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book results from conversations with Ryan Flahive, who deserves much credit for his contribution in shaping the project. Ryan was supported by able assistants including Courtney Nelson who has seen the book through the production phase at John Wiley. High quality reviewing was provided by William Berentsen (University of Con- necticut), Renate Holub (University of California, Berkeley), Cub Kahn (Oregon State University),JonKilpinen(ValparaisoUniversity),DarlaMunroe(OhioStateUniversity), Ann Oberhauser (West Virginia University), Erik Prout (Texas A&M University), and Donald Zeigler (Old Dominion University). Thanks to the reviewers for valued inputs. At John Wiley thanks go to: Jay O’Callaghan (VP and Publisher), Ryan Flahive (Executive Editor), Jeffrey Rucker (Marketing Manager), Nicole Repasky (Production Editor),LisaGee(SeniorPhotoEditor),SandraRigby(SeniorIllustrationEditor),Kevin Murphy (Senior Designer) and Courtney Nelson (Editorial Program Assistant). Academic debts are extensive. H.R. Wilkinson, my supervisor at Hull University, wasanauthorityontheBalkansandtheformerYugoslavia.AttheUniversityofSheffield I worked with Alice Garnet, Charles Fisher, Bryan Coates, David Grigg, and Malcolm Lewis. John Sibbons taught me much about France. At the University of Nebraska- Lincoln influential colleagues included Leslie Hewes, David Wishart, Dean Rugg, Bob v vi " Preface Stoddard, and Richard Lonsdale. At Texas A&M University Peter Hugill, Robert Bed- narz, and Clarissa Kimber shared much knowledge. At William and Mary, where I hold appointments in the School of Education and the Department of Government, I have benefitedfrominteractionwithJamesBill,MikeTierney,PaulaPickering,RaniMullins, Maria Ivanova, Clay Clemens, Alan Ward, and Laurie Koloski. On research leaves I have been aided extensively in the library of the School of Geography,Oxford,andenjoyedvisitstoHertfordCollegeSeniorCommonRoom.Jean Gottmann, John House, Andrew Goudie, Paul Coones, Ian Scargill, Gordon Smith, and Andrew Warren all helped. Patty Donovan, Pine Tree Composition, got us to deadlines on time and was a pleasure to work with. Ramo´n Rivera Moret did a fine job of photo researching. Alice and Will Theide of Cartographics made sketches into maps. Some maps from William H. Berentsen, Contemporary Europe, John Wiley and Sons, 1997, were adapted for the present work. Laura Wyatt and Nicole Hopkins, in the School of Education, have been excellent editorial assistants, Nicole seeing the book through the production phase. Nicole, Courtney, and Olwyn helped with the selection of photos. My wife, Dr. Olwyn Blouet, made many contributions and encouraged the project at every stage. To all of the above, and all those I should have recognized, thank you. " PREFACE TO THE 2ND EDITION Revisions for the new edition of The EU and Neighbors were made at a time of uncer- taintywiththeeconomiesofIreland,Portugal,Spain,andGreeceinafragilestate.There weresuggestionsthatoneormorecountrieswoulddropoutoftheEurocurrency.How- ever, the two strongest countries in the Euro zone, France and Germany, still wanted to make the system work. Theneweditionhasbeenextensivelyrevisedandupdated.Alltheacknowledgements madeinthefirsteditionprefacestillstand,withrenewed thanks.Thosehelpingtomake theneweditionpossibleincludeRyanFlahiveandDarnellSessomsatWiley,NewYork. AnnabelleAng-Bok,inSingapore,movedthemanuscriptthroughproductionefficiently. Jennifer MacMillan added new and interesting illustrations. My thanks to them, and all others in the publishing team. At the College of William and Mary I am indebted to Valerie Trovato, department of Government, Kimberly Pierce, and Adrienne Gonzalo, School of Education, who helped in many ways. Brian W. Blouet Huby Professor of Geography and International Education College of William and Mary ! CONTENTS INTRODUCTION:THEEUROPEANUNION 1 SettlementsintheModernEra 113 EthnicCommunitiesinEuropean Cities 125 PART I Summary 125 SYSTEMATICSURVEY FurtherReading 127 "CHAPTER1 "CHAPTER5 PHYSICALENVIRONMENTS 15 ECONOMICGEOGRAPHY:AGRICULTURE, AViewfromSpace 15 INDUSTRY,ANDSERVICES 128 ClimateandWeather 16 Introduction 128 TheVariabilityofEuropeanWeather 18 SectorsoftheEconomy 130 GeneralClimateConsiderations 20 Agriculture 130 NaturalVegetation 25 Industrialization 139 Topography:Mountains,Plateaux,Rivers,Plains, TheStagesofEuropeanEconomicGrowth 149 andCoasts 28 TheImpactofGlobalization 153 HumanImpactontheEnvironment 35 TheImpactoftheEUonAgriculture,Industry, FurtherReading 37 andServices 154 Summary 156 "CHAPTER2 FurtherReading 157 CULTURALANDHISTORICALGEOGRAPHY 38 "CHAPTER6 Introduction 38 POLITICALGEOGRAPHY 158 AMosaicofCultures 39 Languages 40 FriedrichRatzel 158 Religions 51 MackinderandBowman 158 CultureContrasts 60 WorldWarI 160 FurtherReading 62 IdeasforaUnitedEurope 165 TotalitarianRegimesandEconomicAutarky 166 "CHAPTER3 TheNewOrderinEurope 171 NewEuropeanBoundariesAfterWorldWarII 174 POPULATION,DISTRIBUTION,DENSITY,MIGRATION TheColdWar 175 ANDAGING 63 EconomicCooperationinWesternEurope 176 Introduction 63 EUEnlargementin1995 185 RobertMalthus 64 WideningVersusDeepening 189 DemographicHistory 64 Summary 193 TheDemographicTransition 67 FurtherReading 194 DistributionofPopulation 72 EUPopulationTrends 80 PART II FurtherReading 85 THECOREOFTHEEUROPEANUNION "CHAPTER4 "CHAPTER7 RURALANDURBANSETTLEMENTS 86 FRANCEANDTHEBENELUXCOUNTRIES 199 Introduction 86 Introduction 199 TheNetworkofRomanTowns 86 France 200 TheMedievalCity 88 Belgium 218 TheRenaissanceCity 94 TheNetherlands 225 TheIndustrialCity 104 Luxembourg 232 RuralSettlement 107 FurtherReading 235 vii viii " Contents "CHAPTER8 TheBalticStates:Estonia,Latvia, GERMANYANDITALY 236 Lithuania 389 Poland 393 Introduction 236 TheCzechRepublic 402 Germany 236 Slovakia 412 Italy 255 Hungary 415 Summary 273 Slovenia 422 FurtherReading 273 EastEuropeSummary 424 FurtherReading 425 PART III ENLARGEMENTOFEU "CHAPTER13 EASTWARDEXPANSION2007:THEBALKANS 426 "CHAPTER9 Introduction:TheBalkans 426 DENMARK,IRELAND,ANDTHE Romania 427 UNITEDKINGDOM 277 Bulgaria 432 Croatia 437 Introduction 277 Serbia 439 Denmark 279 Montenegro 442 Ireland 285 Bosnia-Herzegovina 444 TheUnitedKingdom 290 Macedonia 448 RegionsofBritain:Scotland,Wales, Albania 450 NorthernIreland,andEngland 294 BalkanSummary 453 AUnitedKingdom? 315 FurtherReading 453 FurtherReading 318 "CHAPTER10 PART V SOUTHERNEUROPE:GREECE,SPAIN, REGIONALSURVEY:RUSSIAAND ANDPORTUGAL 319 FORMERSOVIETSOCIALIST Greece 320 REPUBLICS TheIberianPeninsula—Spainand Portugal 329 "CHAPTER14 FurtherReading 343 BELARUS,THEUKRAINE,MOLDOVA, "CHAPTER11 GEORGIA,ANDRUSSIA 457 AUSTRIA,SWITZERLAND,SWEDEN,NORWAY, Introduction 457 ICELAND,ANDFINLAND 345 BelarusandtheUkraine 457 Moldova 465 Introduction 345 Georgia 467 Austria 346 Russia 470 Switzerland 352 Summary 494 Sweden 361 FurtherReading 495 Norway 367 Iceland 375 Finland 379 PART VI Summary 383 THEMEDITERRANEANFRINGE FurtherReading 383 "CHAPTER15 PART IV TURKEY,CYPRUS,MALTA, ENLARGEMENTINTHE21STCENTURY ANDGIBRALTAR 499 "CHAPTER12 Introduction 499 Turkey 499 EASTWARDEXPANSION2004:THEBALTICS, Turkey,TheMiddleEast,andEurope 506 POLAND,THECZECHREPUBLIC,SLOVAKIA, Cyprus,Malta,andGibraltar 508 HUNGARY,ANDSLOVENIA 387 Cyprus 509 Malta 514 Introduction 387 Gibraltar 521 TheEUinAfrica 526
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