The Engineering Handbook

2888 Pages·2004·83.716 MB·English

by  Richard C. Dorf

THE
E
NGINEERING
H A N D B O O K
SECOND EDITION
The Electrical Engineering Handbook Series
Series Editor
Richard C. Dorf
University of California, Davis
Titles Included in the Series
The Handbook of Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Mohammad Ilyas
The Avionics Handbook, Cary R. Spitzer
The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, Second Edition, Joseph D. Bronzino
The Circuits and Filters Handbook, Second Edition, Wai-Kai Chen
The Communications Handbook, Second Edition, Jerry Gibson
The Computer Engineering Handbook, Vojin G. Oklobdzija
The Control Handbook, William S. Levine
The CRC Handbook of Engineering Tables, Richard C. Dorf
The Digital Signal Processing Handbook, Vijay K. Madisetti and Douglas Williams
The Electrical Engineering Handbook, Second Edition, Richard C. Dorf
The Electric Power Engineering Handbook, Leo L. Grigsby
The Electronics Handbook, Jerry C. Whitaker
The Engineering Handbook, Second Edition, Richard C. Dorf
The Handbook of Formulas and Tables for Signal Processing, Alexander D. Poularikas
The Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering, and Technology, William A. Goddard, III,
Donald W. Brenner, Sergey E. Lyshevski, and Gerald J. Iafrate
The Handbook of Optical Communication Networks, Mohammad Ilyas and
Hussein T. Mouftah
The Industrial Electronics Handbook, J. David Irwin
The Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, John G. Webster
The Mechanical Systems Design Handbook, Osita D.I. Nwokah and Yidirim Hurmuzlu
The Mechatronics Handbook, Robert H. Bishop
The Mobile Communications Handbook, Second Edition, Jerry D. Gibson
The Ocean Engineering Handbook, Ferial El-Hawary
The RF and Microwave Handbook, Mike Golio
The Technology Management Handbook, Richard C. Dorf
The Transforms and Applications Handbook, Second Edition, Alexander D. Poularikas
The VLSI Handbook, Wai-Kai Chen
Forthcoming Titles
The Electrical Engineering Handbook, Third Edition, Richard C. Dorf
The Electronics Handbook, Second Edition, Jerry C. Whitaker
THE
E
NGINEERING
H A N D B O O K
SECOND EDITION
Editor-in-Chief
Richard C. Dorf
University of California, Davis
CRC PRESS
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
1586_C000.fm Page iv Thursday, May 20, 2004 3:04 PM
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The engineering handbook / editor-in-chief, Richard C. Dorf.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-1586-7 (alk. paper)
1. Engineering—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Dorf, Richard C.
TA151.E424 2004
620—dc22 2003069766
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with
permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish
reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials
or for the consequences of their use.
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No claim to original U.S. Government works
International Standard Book Number 0-8493-1586-7
Library of Congress Card Number 2003069766
Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Printed on acid-free paper
1586_C000.fm Page v Thursday, May 20, 2004 3:04 PM
Preface
Due to the success of the first edition of The Engineering Handbook published in 1995 I am pleased to
provide the second edition ten years later fully updated and expanded.
Purpose
The purpose of The Engineering Handbook, Second Edition is to provide in a single volume a ready
reference for the practicing engineer in industry, government, and academia. The book in its compre-
hensive format is divided into 30 sections which encompass the field of engineering and includes 19
brand new chapters and 131 fully updated contributions. The goal is to provide the most up-to-date
information in the classical fields that comprise mechanical, electrical, civil, chemical, industrial, and
aerospace engineering as well as the underlying fields of mathematics, materials, biomedical engineering,
and nanotechnology. This book should serve the information needs of all professional engineers engaged
in the practice of the profession whether in industry, education, or government. The goal of this com-
prehensive handbook is to replace a myriad of books with one highly informative, well-organized,
definitive source of fundamental knowledge.
Organization
The fundamentals of engineering have evolved to include a wide range of knowledge, substantial empirical
data, and a broad range of practice. The focus of the handbook is on the key concepts, models, and
equations that enable the engineer to analyze, design, and predict the behavior of complex devices,
circuits, instruments, systems, structures, plants, computers, fuels, and the environment. While data and
formulae are summarized, the main focus is the provision of the underlying theories and concepts and
the appropriate application of these theories to the field of engineering. Thus, the reader will find the
key concepts defined, described, and illustrated in order to serve the needs of the engineer over many years.
With equal emphasis placed on materials, structures, mechanics, dynamics, fluids, thermodynamics,
fuels and energy, transportation, environmental systems, circuits and systems, computers and instru-
ments, manufacturing, aeronautical and aerospace, and economics and management as well as mathe-
matics, the engineer should encounter a wide range of concepts and considerable depth of exploration
of these concepts as they lead to application and design.
The level of conceptual development of each topic is challenging, but tutorial and relatively funda-
mental. Each of the more than 200 chapters is written to enlighten the expert, refresh the knowledge of
the mature engineer, and educate the novice.
The information is organized into 30 major sections. The 30 sections encompass 232 chapters, and
the Appendix summarizes the applicable mathematics, symbols, and physical constants.
Each chapter includes three important and useful categories: defining terms, references, and further
information. Defining terms are key definitions, and the first occurrence of each term defined is indicated
1586_C000.fm Page vi Thursday, May 20, 2004 3:04 PM
in boldface in the text. The definitions of these terms are summarized as a list at the end of each chapter.
The references provide a list of useful books and articles for follow-up reading. Finally, further information
provides some general and useful sources of additional information on the topic.
Locating Your Topic
Numerous avenues of access to information contained in the handbook are provided. A complete table
of contents is presented at the front of the book. In addition, an individual table of contents precedes
each of the 30 sections. Finally, each chapter begins with its own table of contents. The reader should
look over these tables of contents to become familiar with the structure, organization, and content of
the book.
The index can also be used to locate key definitions. The page on which the definition appears for
each key (defining) term is clearly identified in the index.
The Engineering Handbook, Second Edition is designed to provide answers to most inquiries and direct
the inquirer to further sources and references. We hope that this handbook will be referred to often and
that informational requirements will be satisfied effectively.
Acknowledgments
This handbook is testimony to the dedication of the associate editors, the publishers, and my editorial
associates. I particularly wish to acknowledge at CRC Press Nora Konopka, Publisher; Helena Redshaw,
Project Development Manager; Liz Spangenberger, Administrative Assistant; and Susan Fox, Project
Editor.
Richard C. Dorf
Editor-in-Chief
1586_C000.fm Page vii Thursday, May 20, 2004 3:04 PM
Editor-in-Chief
Richard C. Dorf, professor of electrical and computer
engineering at the University of California, Davis, teaches
graduate and undergraduate courses in electrical engineer-
ing in the fields of circuits and control systems. He earned
a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the U.S. Naval Post-
graduate School, an M.S. from the University of Colorado,
and a B.S. from Clarkson University. Highly concerned
with the discipline of engineering and its wide value to
social and economic needs, he has written and lectured
internationally on the contributions and advances in engi-
neering and their value to society.
Professor Dorf has extensive experience with education
and industry and is professionally active in the fields of
robotics, automation, electric circuits, and communica-
tions. He has served as a visiting professor at the University
of Edinburgh, Scotland; the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology; Stanford University; and the University of
California, Berkeley.
A Fellow of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Dr. Dorf is widely known to the
profession for his Modern Control Systems, Tenth Edition (Prentice Hall, 2004) and Introduction to Electric
Circuits, Sixth Edition (Wiley, 2004). He is the Editor-in-Chief of the Technology Management Handbook
(CRC Press, 1999), the Engineering Handbook, Second Edition (CRC Press, 2004), and CRC Handbook
of Engineering Tables (CRC Press, 2004).
1586_C000.fm Page ix Thursday, May 20, 2004 3:04 PM
Contributors
Bruno Agard Sandra Arlinghaus Norman Balabanian
École Polytechnique de Montréal The University of Michigan University of Florida
Montréal, Québec, Canada Ann Arbor, Michigan Gainesville, Florida
Ramesh K. Agarwal Roger E. A. Arndt Partha P. Banerjee
Wichita State University University of Minnesota University of Dayton
Wichita, Kansas Ham Lake, Minnesota Dayton, Ohio
Randall Barron
John Attia
C. M. Akujobi
Louisiana Tech University
Prairie View A&M University
Prairie View A & M University Ruston, Lousiana
Prairie View, Texas
Prairie View, Texas
Charles E. Baukal, Jr.
Tung Au
F. Chris Alley John Zink Co. LLC
Carnegie Mellon University
Clemson University (Emeritus) Tulsa, Oklahoma
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Clemson, South Carolina
Nelson R. Bauld, Jr.
Robert Austin
Willliam Ames Clemson University
Austin Communication Education Clemson, South Carolina
Georgia Institute of Technology
Services
Atlanta, Georgia
Palm Harbor, Florida
Yildiz Bayazitoglu
Rice University
Appiah Amirtharajah
Bilal M. Ayyub Houston, Texas
Georgia Institute of Technology Unversity of Maryland
Atlanta, Georgia College Park, Maryland
Robert Beaves
Robert Morris University
James Amrhein A. Terry Bahill Moon Township, Pennsylvania
Consultant University of Arizona
Long Beach, California Tucson, Arizona
R. R. Beck
U.S. Army Tank Automotive
Thalia Anagnos Rex T. Baird Research Development and
San Jose State University Silicon Laboratories, Inc. Engineering Center
Palo Alto, California Nashua, New Hampshire Warren, Michigan
Ted L. Anderson Terrence W. Baird Philip B. Bedient
Structural Reliability Technology Hewlett-Packard Company Rice University
Boulder, Colorado Boise, Idaho Houston, Texas
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Richard C.Bennett Charles Borzileri Shiao-Hung Chiang
Swenson Process Equipment, Inc. University of California, Lawrence University of Pittsburgh
Harvey, Illinois Livermore National Laboratory Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Livermore, California
Jim Bethel Tim Chinowsky
Ed Braun
Purdue University University of Washington
West Lafayette, Indiana University of North Carolina Seattle, Washington
Charlotte, North Carolina
Bharat Bhushan
Donald E. Breyer Jonathan W. Chipman
Ohio State University
California State Polytechnic University of Wisconsin
Columbus, Ohio
University Madison, Wisconsin
Pomona, California
Peter J. Biltoft
Tony M. Cigic
University of California, Lawrence Robert Broadwater
University of British Columbia
Livermore National Laboratory
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and Vancouver, British Columbia,
Livermore, California
State University Canada
Blacksburg, Virginia
Stephen Birn
Michael D. Ciletti
Moog Inc. Joseph D. Bronzino
Torrance, California Trinity College University of Colorado
Colorado Springs, Colorado
Hartford, Connecticut
Robert H. Bishop
University of Texas George R. Buchanan William Cook
Austin, Texas Tennessee Technological University Iowa State Univerisity
Cookeville, Tennessee Ames, Iowa
Kenneth B. Black
University of Massachusetts, R. Ben Buckner C. David Cooper
Amherst Surveying Education Consultant University of Central Florida
Amherst, Massachusetts Johnson City, Tenneesee Orlando, Florida
Glenn Blackwell Michael Buehrer
William C. Corder
Purdue University Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
CONSOL, Inc.
West Lafayette, Indiana State University
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Blacksburg, Virginia
Benjamin S. Blanchard
Harold M. Cota
Virginia Poytechnic Institute and George Cain
State University Georgia Institute of Technology California Polytechnic State
Blacksburg, Virginia Atlanta, Georgia University
San Luis Obispo, California
Robert F. Boehm William L. Chapman
University of Nevada Hughes Aircraft Company Leon W. Couch II
Las Vegas, Nevada Tucson, Arizona University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
Bruce W. Bomar Som Chattopadhyay
University of Tennesse Space Indiana University/Purdue Dennis J. Cronin
Institute University Iowa State Univerisity
Tullahoma, Tennessee Fort Wayne, Indiana Ames, Iowa
1586_C000.fm Page xi Thursday, May 20, 2004 3:04 PM
J. B. Cropley Deepak Doraiswamy Chang-Xue Jack Feng
Union Carbide Corporate Fellow National Starch and Chemical Co. Bradley University
(Retired) Bridgewater, New Jersey Peoria, Illinois
Scott Depot, West Virginia
Nelson C. Dorny H. Scott Fogler
John N. Daigle University of Pennsylvania University of Michigan
University of Mississippi Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Ann Arbor, Michigan
University, Mississippi
Tolga Duman Samuel W. Fordyce
Shilpa Damle Arizona State University Consultare Technology Group
Georgia Institute of Technology Tempe, Arizona Rockville, Maryland
Atlanta, Georgia
Stephen A. Dyer Wallace T. Fowler
Braja M. Das Kansas State University University of Texas
California State University Manhattan, Kansas Austin, Texas
Sacramento, California
Taan ElAli A. Keith Furr
Kevin A. Delin Wilberforce University Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
Jet Propulsion Laboratory Wilberforce, Ohio State University (Retired)
Arcadia, California Blacksburg, Virginia
Mohammed M. El-Wakil
Anca Deliu University of Wisconsin Anish Gaikwad
Georgia Institute of Technology Madison, Wisconsin EPRI-PEAC Corporation
Atlanta, Georgia Knoxville, Tennessee
Halit Eren
Bon DeWitt Polytechnic University Richard S. Gallegher
University of Florida Hong Kong R. S. Gallegher and Associates
Gainesville, Florida Ithaca, New York
Wolter J. Fabrycky
Ron Dieck
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and Pierre Gehlen
Ron Dieck Associates, Inc.
State University Seattle University
Palm Beach Gardens, Florida
Blacksburg, Virginia Seattle, Washington
Henry Domingos
James R. Fair James M. Gere
Clarkson University
University of Texas Stanford University
Potsdam, New York
Austin, Texas Stanford, California
John F. Donovan
Henry O. Fatoyinbo Peter Gergely
McDonnell Douglas Corporation
St. Louis, Missouri University of Surrey Cornell University
Surrey, U.K. Ithaca, New York
Anil Doradla
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and Charles Fazzi Afshin Ghajar
State University Saint Vincent College Oklahoma State University
Blacksburg, Virginia Latrobe, Pennsylvania Stillwater, Oklahoma