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The Enforceability of the Human Right to Adequate Food: A Comparative Study PDF

471 Pages·2014·35.425 MB·English
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The enforceability of the human right to adequate food A comparative study Bart Wernaart The enforceability of the human right to adequate food Buy a print copy of this book at: www.WageningenAcademic.com/EIFL-08 Also available in the 'European Institute for Food Law series': European Food Law Handbook Bernd van der Meulen and Menno van der Velde ISBN 978-90-8686-082-1 www.WageningenAcademic.com/foodlaw Fed up with the right to food? The Netherlands' policies and practices regarding the human right to adequate food edited by: Otto Hospes and Bernd van der Meulen ISBN 978-90-8686-107-1 www.WageningenAcademic.com/righttofood Reconciling food law to competitiveness Report on the regulatory environment of the European food and dairy sector Bernd van der Meulen ISBN 978-90-8686-098-2 www.WageningenAcademic.com/reconciling Governing food security Law, politics and the right to food edited by: Otto Hospes and Irene Hadiprayitno ISBN: 978-90-8686-157-6; e-book ISBN: 978-90-8686-713-4 www.WageningenAcademic.com/EIFL-05 Private food law Governing food chains through contract law, self-regulation, private standards, audits and certification schemes edited by: Bernd van der Meulen ISBN: 978-90-8686-176-7; e-book ISBN: 978-90-8686-730-1 www.WageningenAcademic.com/EIFL-06 Regulating food law Risk analysis and the precautionary principle as general principles of EU food law Anna Szajkowska ISBN: 978-90-8686-194-1; e-book ISBN: 978-90-8686-750-9 www.WageningenAcademic.com/EIFL-07 The enforceability of the human right to adequate food A comparative study Bart F.W. Wernaart Wageningen Academic  P u b l i s h e r s This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned. Nothing from this publication may be translated, reproduced, stored in a computerised system or published in any form or in any manner, including electronic, mechanical, reprographic or photographic, without prior written permission from the publisher: Wageningen Academic Publishers ISBN: 978-90-8686-239-9 P.O. Box 220 e-ISBN: 978-90-8686-791-2 6700 AE Wageningen DOI: 10.3920/978-90-8686-791-2 The Netherlands www.WageningenAcademic.com [email protected] ISSN 1871-3483 The content of this publication and any liabilities arising from it remain the First published, 2013 responsibility of the author. The publisher is not responsible for © Wageningen Academic Publishers possible damages, which could be a result The Netherlands, 2013 of content derived from this publication. Preface This research marks the end of an extremely intense, inspiring, vivid and turbulent period. I would like to go back 12 years, when this all started as I made the choice to study international law at Tilburg University. At the same time I was studying drums and mallets at the Conservatory in the same city. I gradually found my way through the University curriculum, and ran into the ear-splitting lectures of Mr Frank Vlemminx, PhD. While in this book it will become apparent that I do not always agree with his points of view, he most certainly inspired me to learn more about this wonderful field of expertise that is called human rights. Since we had a thing or two in common, not in the least the fact that Frank was not only a lawyer but also artistically active as a painter, he would later be my thesis supervisor. During an internship at Wageningen University and Research Centre, I became acquainted with Professor Bernd van der Meulen, who introduced me more specifically to one of the most violated rights in the world: the right to adequate food. After graduating, I found a job as lecturer at Fontys University of Applied Sciences. In the meantime I was composing a rock opera to finish my second study at the Conservatory: conducting. My employer gave me the opportunity to start a research project, and I became an external PhD student at the WUR, under the supervision of Bernd. I was now able to do all the things that I admired doing: teaching, playing music, and doing research. A perfect match for which I am ever grateful. Finalising this book marks the end of a period of approximately five years of conducting intense research. I cannot even begin to imagine how much I have learned from the whole exercise. Writing a PhD thesis is a very lonely experience. However, during this period, I was never truly alone. I therefore wish to thank many people from the bottom of my heart. First of all, of course Bernd, who never lost his patience in guiding me through the whole process. He has the rare gift of making a person feel encouraged, determined and self-assured about the research on the way back home, while feeling completely lost on arrival. Next to that all my colleagues at Fontys University, who were always very supportive and interested in my progress, and to the management of my department, which gave me the financial support and time necessary to complete this book. Furthermore, I would like to thank all my students whom I had the joy of teaching throughout the years. I would dare to say that I’ve learned at least as much from you as you might have learned from me. For me, music is my first and primary way of expressing myself. Throughout the year, I have had the honour to play music in my role as a drummer and The enforceability of the human right to adequate food 5 Preface conductor with many people. A special thank you goes to my percussion group in Valkenswaard and both my choirs in Heusden, for sharing your talents with me. You have no idea what the beat of your drums and the sound of your voices mean to me. A big applause for my rock band the Seasons, for we did some incredible things lately, and to the Ameezing band and vocals: it seems that I’ve become Bart Wernaart, PhD, after all. Also, I would like to thank my friends. Some of them I have known for a lifetime, others just recently jumped into my life. I count myself lucky with such a wonderful group of amazing persons who keep surprising me with the humour, wisdom and solid friendship they share with me. My family in law-to-be, for their continuous support and encouragement. My wonderful brothers, Peter and Geert. If a comparist would compare us, the conclusion would be that we are so similar in our differences. It is a joy to see the paths they chose so far, and I am extremely proud of them. My father who, from the very beginning, believed in my scientific capabilities, is one of the most intelligent persons I have ever encountered, and has been simply indispensable during the whole process. Then, I am blessed with two power-women around me. My mother, whose passion for teaching the very young amongst us certainly ended up somewhere in my DNA, and who has always been a safe haven when times were a bit rough. My fiancée, Sylvia, the love of my life, who said ‘yes’ to my marriage proposal. Being with a man who is from time to time losing himself somewhere between books, reports, documents and Court rulings requires a lot of love and determination. I will not try to put into words how thankful I am for that. Bart Wernaart Valkenswaard 2013 6 The enforceability of the human right to adequate food Table of contents Preface 5 Abbreviations 11 Part 1 – Introduction, methodology and tertium comparationis 1. Introduction 15 1.1 A right for all and a right for each 15 1.2 Research objective and questions 18 1.3 Demarcations, terminology and references 19 1.4 Book structure 22 2. Methods 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Comparative law methodology 24 2.3 Purposes of comparative law 25 2.4 Choice of country 28 2.5 The functional method 31 2.6 The constructive move into more detail 44 2.7 Conclusion and structure of the book 51 3. The enforceability of the international human right to adequate food 55 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 The legal development of the concept of ‘right to food’ over time 55 3.3 The right to food in international, regional and domestic human rights systems 60 3.4 The meaning of ‘adequate food’ 71 3.5 State obligations regarding the right to food 74 3.6 Conclusion 97 Part 2 – The Netherlands 4. Dutch case law on the enforceability of the right to adequate food 103 4.1 Introduction 103 4.2 The Dutch Judiciary 103 4.3 Article 11 ICESCR 105 4.4 Article 24 ICRC 111 4.5 Article 26 ICRC 112 4.6 Article 27 ICRC 112 4.7 Article 12 CEDAW 118 4.8 Concluding observations 118 The enforceability of the human right to adequate food 7 5. Dutch monism and the Constitutional reforms of Article 93 and 94 CA 121 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 Qualified monism 121 5.3 Dutch scholars on the meaning of Articles 93 and 94 Constitutional Act 122 5.4 Questions 131 5.5 On parliamentary history/the legislative process 132 5.6 The Constitutional reform of 1953 133 5.7 The Constitutional reform of 1956 143 5.8 The Constitutional reform of 1983 145 5.9 Conclusion 152 6. Dutch Parliamentary History on the right to adequate food 157 6.1 Introduction 157 6.2 Article 11 ICESCR 158 6.3 Article 24 ICRC 160 6.4 Article 26 ICRC 161 6.5 Article 27 ICRC 166 6.6 Article 12 CEDAW 168 6.7 Conclusion 169 7. Dutch Parliamentary History on the enforceability of human rights 171 7.1 Introduction 171 7.2 The ECHR 172 7.3 The ESC (earliest version) 177 7.4 The ICCPR and the ICESCR 179 7.5 The CEDAW 187 7.6 The ICRC 194 7.7 The European Social Charter (revised version) 206 7.8 Conclusion 210 8. Intermezzo: the right to strike 213 8.1 Introduction 213 8.2 The direct applicability of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in general 214 8.3 The railway-strike ruling 215 8.4 The Parliamentary History concerning Article 6 (4) ESH 216 8.5 The Parliamentary History concerning Article 8 ICESCR 222 8.6 Conclusion 224 8 The enforceability of the human right to adequate food 9. The Dutch periodic country reports 227 9.1 Introduction 227 9.2 The ICESCR reports 228 9.3 The ICRC reports 249 9.4 The CEDAW reports and the right to food 256 9.5 The Universal Periodic Review 268 9.6 Concluding remarks 270 10. Evaluation and comparison 271 10.1. Introduction 271 10.2 An obscure Constitutional system 271 10.3 The right to food invoked in the Dutch Courts 271 10.4 The Dutch position with regard to the right to food 272 10.5 The direct applicability of economic, social and cultural rights in the Netherlands 273 10.6 Comparing the legal practice with the reporting behaviour 274 Part 3 – Belgium 11. The Belgian Constitutional System and the applicability of international legal standards 279 11.1 Introduction 279 11.2 The Belgian Legislature 279 11.3 The Belgian legislative process 280 11.4 The Belgian Judiciary 282 11.5 Belgian monism 293 11.6 Concluding remarks 294 12. The Belgian case law on the enforceability of the right to adequate food 295 12.1 Introduction 295 12.2 The Council for Aliens Disputes 296 12.3 The Council of State 300 12.4 The Court of Cassation 306 12.5 The Constitutional Court 310 12.6 Concluding remarks 341 13. The Belgian periodic country reports 345 13.1 Introduction 345 13.2 The ICESCR reports 345 13.3 The ICRC reports 367 13.4 The CEDAW reports 394 13.5 The Universal Periodic Review 399 13.6 Concluding remarks 399

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