The Encyclopedia of Deafness and Hearing Disorders, 2nd Edition, Updated (Facts on File Library of Health and Living)

305 Pages·2003·1.14 MB·English

by  Carol Turkington, Allen E. Sussman

THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
DEAFNESS
AND
HEARING DISORDERS
Second Edition, Updated
FPO
Pick up from
previous edition,
p. ii
(Diagram of the ear)
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
DEAFNESS
AND
HEARING DISORDERS
Second Edition, Updated
Carol Turkington
and
Allen E. Sussman, Ph.D.
The Encyclopedia of Deafness and Hearing Disorders, Second Edition, Updated
Copyright © 2004, 2000, 1992 by Carol Turkington
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval
systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact:
Facts On File, Inc.
132 West 31st Street
New York NY 10001
The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Turkington, Carol.
The encyclopedia of deafness and hearing disorders / Carol Turkington and
Allen E Sussman.—2nd ed. [updated]
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8160-5615-3 (hc: alk. paper)
1. Deafness—Encyclopedias. 2. Ear—Diseases—Encyclopedias. I. Sussman, Allen E. II. Title.
RF290.T93 2003 617.8´003—dc22
20030493588
Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for
businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department
in New York at [phone] or [phone].
You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com
Text and cover design by Cathy Rincon
Printed in the United States of America
VB FOF 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
CONTENTS
Acknowledgments vii
Preface ix
Entries A–Z 1
Appendixes 225
Bibliography 263
Index 273
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
he authors would like to thank the staff members and to staffers at the National Library of Medicine
Tat Gallaudet University who so generously offered and the medical libraries of Hershey Medical Cen-
their time during this project. In particular, we wish to ter, the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center
thank the staffs at the university’s library, public rela- and Reading Medical Center. Hats off as well to
tions office, university press, information center and public relations personnel at the National Institute
law center. of Mental Health and the National Institutes of
In addition, we appreciate the efforts of count- Health.
less people from national organizations, services We would also like to thank our editor at Facts
and government agencies concerned with deaf and On File, James Chambers, for his thoughtful sug-
hard-of-hearing people who offered a great deal of gestions and editorial guidance. We are also grate-
helpful information, statistics and support. ful to Bert Holtje and Gene Brissie of James Peter
Thanks also to Elca Swigart, Ph.D., director of Associates for their valuable support.
the Speech and Hearing Center at Reading Hospital Finally, thanks to friends and family for their
and Medical Center, and audiologist Robert Gance patience and understanding. And a very special
for their valuable technical assistance and review; thank you to Michael and Kara.
vii
PREFACE
ne out of 10 Americans has some degree of hear- able to deaf and hard-of-hearing people. We have
Oing loss, and one out of every 400 is profoundly tried to list as many of these special groups and ser-
deaf. Yet many hard-of-hearing and deaf people in this vices as we could find, with current addresses, web-
country do not consider themselves handicapped, at a sites and phone/TDD numbers.
disadvantage or lacking in any way. They do not Entries include all facets of deafness and hearing
believe their hearing loss makes them less—just dif- disorders: physiology of the ear, experts in educa-
ferent—and they look upon the deaf community as a tion, science, linguistics and communication,
separate culture, as rich and diverse as that of the famous deaf individuals, organizations and groups
hearing world. for deaf people, brief outlines of deaf culture in for-
The Encyclopedia of Deafness and Hearing Disorders eign countries, and more. All entries are cross-ref-
reflects the continuing struggle within the deaf erenced to related subjects.
community to maintain its integrity following Although information presented in this book
years of segregation and misunderstanding. Al- comes from the most recent sources available,
though educators, linguists, experts in the field of readers should keep in mind that changes can
deafness, and deaf and hard-of-hearing people occur very rapidly in medicine and technology.
have come a long way toward replacing antago- The very latest technical information on hearing
nism with cooperation, there still remain areas of aids and on assistive and telecommunications
controversy. devices should be obtained from specialists. The
Where there are conflicting philosophies on a authors would also like to stress that information
particular point, we have tried to identify and in any medical entry should not be substituted for
explain all sides. An extensive bibliography at the prompt medical attention.
end of the book will assist anyone who wishes to
explore any specific topic in further depth. —Carol Turkington
In addition, we made a great effort to include Cumru, PA
comprehensive appendixes that reflect the diverse Allen E. Sussman, Ph.D.
range of organizations and support services avail- Washington, DC
ix