The Elements of Private Investigation: An Introduction to the Law, Techniques, and Procedures PDF
Preview The Elements of Private Investigation: An Introduction to the Law, Techniques, and Procedures
The Elements of Private Investigation An Introduction to the Law, Techniques, and Procedures The Elements of Private Investigation An Introduction to the Law, Techniques, and Procedures ANTHONY D. MANLEY CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2010 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number: 978-1-4398-1542-7 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Manley, Anthony. The elements of private investigation : an introduction to the law, techniques, and procedures / Anthony Manley. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4398-1542-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Private investigators--Legal status, laws, etc.--United States 2. Private investigators--Vocational guidance. I. Title. KF2042.D48 M36 344.7305’289--dc22 2009022579 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Dedication This book is dedicated to my wife, Emily. Contents Author’s Note ...............................................................................................xix Preface ..........................................................................................................xxi About the Author ........................................................................................xxv Introduction: The Novice Private Investigator ..........................................xxvii 1 A Short History of Private Investigation ................................................1 Qualifications and Licensing .......................................................................2 Police or Law Enforcement Officers versus Private Investigators .........2 Licensing ............................................................................................4 Training ..............................................................................................5 In-Service Training ....................................................................6 Employment Projections ..............................................................................7 Future Growth .............................................................................................8 Ethics, Liability, and the Law .............................................................8 Code of Ethics ...........................................................................9 Personal and Corporate Insurance ...........................................10 The Selection of a Private Investigation Agency .........................................10 Other Professional Services ........................................................................13 In Conclusion ............................................................................................14 2 The Law .................................................................................................17 Introduction to American Jurisprudence ....................................................17 The Conception of Law ....................................................................18 The Foundations of Our Law .....................................................................18 The American Form of Government ..........................................................20 An Extraordinary System of Sovereignty and Administration Was Created by Our Founding Fathers ............................................20 The Executive Branch .......................................................................21 The Legislative Branch ......................................................................21 The Judicial Branch ..........................................................................21 vii viii ◾ Contents The Three Branches of Government ...........................................................21 Defined .............................................................................................21 The Criminal Justice System ......................................................................23 The Organization of Our Court System .....................................................23 Law Defined ..............................................................................................24 Case Law ..........................................................................................26 The Division of Our Law ...........................................................................26 Criminal Law ...................................................................................26 Offenses Defined .....................................................................27 Probable Cause ........................................................................28 Writ of Habeas Corpus ............................................................33 Civil Law ..........................................................................................35 Civil Liability ...................................................................................35 The Awarding of Damages.......................................................35 Criminal Culpability and Liability ............................................................37 Culpability........................................................................................38 Defined ...................................................................................38 The Defenses for Lack of Culpability ................................................39 Liability ...........................................................................................40 Wrongful and Unwarranted Actions and Procedures ................................40 Scope of Employment ......................................................................40 Defined ..................................................................................40 Unauthorized Practice of Law ...........................................................41 Criminal Impersonation ...................................................................41 Prints and Photos ..............................................................................41 Civil Liability and Litigation ....................................................................42 Damages ..........................................................................................44 Defined ..................................................................................44 Foreseeability ..........................................................................44 Basis for the Lawsuit .........................................................................45 Elements of Liability for the Lawsuit ......................................46 Defense by a Company in a Lawsuit ................................................46 Premises Liability..............................................................................47 The Question of Security Negligence.......................................47 Vicarious Liability ............................................................................49 Products Liability .............................................................................50 Products Liability Defined .......................................................50 Contractual Liability ........................................................................53 Liability of Corporations .........................................................54 Civil Litigation Following Criminal Prosecution .....................54 Civil Rights ...............................................................................................55 Federal Civil Rights Act—42 USC §1983: Civil Rights Violations ....................................................................................55 Contents ◾ ix Defined ...................................................................................55 Basic Provisions of the Act .......................................................55 The “Color of State Law” .........................................................56 3 The Criminal and Civil Litigation Process ...........................................59 Complainant (The State) versus Defendant and Plaintiff versus Defendant ..................................................................................................60 The Court System ......................................................................................60 The Criminal Court..........................................................................60 Prelitigation ...............................................................................................61 Preserving Physical Evidence in a Criminal Prosecution ...................61 Obtaining Confessions and Witness Statements ......................61 Interviews by Unknown Parties and Damaging Remarks by Others .................................................................................63 Preparing Investigative or Case Reports ............................................63 Litigation ..........................................................................................65 Grand Jury Action ...................................................................65 Arrests Prior to Grand Jury Action ..........................................65 Arraignment ...........................................................................66 Discovery .........................................................................................66 Criminal Hearings—Actions before the Trial ........................66 The Civil Court ................................................................................67 The Civil Lawsuit .......................................................................................67 Civil Hearings—Testifying at Depositions/Examinations before Trial ..................................................................................................68 Service of the Lawsuit or Intent to File Suit .............................68 The Trial Process...............................................................................69 The Adversary System ..............................................................69 Testifying at Trial ....................................................................70 Behavior on the Witness Stand ................................................71 The Opposing Attorney ...........................................................72 4 The Legal Powers and Limitations of a Private Investigator.................75 Definition of Arrest ...................................................................................75 Types of Arrest ..................................................................................76 The Four Elements of Arrest by a Private Investigator or a Security Officer .......................................................................76 Authority to Arrest by a Private Citizen .....................................................76 The Use of Force in Effecting an Arrest .....................................................78 Justification of Physical Force by a Private Citizen ............................78 The Use of Physical Force Defined ....................................................79 Aiding a Police Officer ...............................................................................82 Police Officers as Private Investigators ..............................................82 Resisting Arrest.................................................................................82
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