Table Of ContentThe Electrical Engineering Handbook
Third Edition
Computers,
Software Engineering,
and
Digital Devices
The Electrical Engineering Handbook Series
Series Editor
Richard C. Dorf
University of California, Davis
Titles Included in the Series
The Handbook of Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Mohammad Ilyas
The Avionics Handbook, Cary R. Spitzer
The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, Third Edition, Joseph D. Bronzino
The Circuits and Filters Handbook, Second Edition, Wai-Kai Chen
The Communications Handbook, Second Edition, Jerry Gibson
The Computer Engineering Handbook, Vojin G. Oklobdzija
The Control Handbook, William S. Levine
The CRC Handbook of Engineering Tables, Richard C. Dorf
The Digital Signal Processing Handbook, Vijay K. Madisetti and Douglas Williams
The Electrical Engineering Handbook, Third Edition, Richard C. Dorf
The Electric Power Engineering Handbook, Leo L. Grigsby
The Electronics Handbook, Second Edition, Jerry C. Whitaker
The Engineering Handbook, Third Edition, Richard C. Dorf
The Handbook of Formulas and Tables for Signal Processing, Alexander D. Poularikas
The Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering, and Technology, William A. Goddard, III,
Donald W. Brenner, Sergey E. Lyshevski, and Gerald J. Iafrate
The Handbook of Optical Communication Networks, Mohammad Ilyas and
Hussein T. Mouftah
The Industrial Electronics Handbook, J. David Irwin
The Measurement, Instrumentation, and Sensors Handbook, John G. Webster
The Mechanical Systems Design Handbook, Osita D.I. Nwokah and Yidirim Hurmuzlu
The Mechatronics Handbook, Robert H. Bishop
The Mobile Communications Handbook, Second Edition, Jerry D. Gibson
The Ocean Engineering Handbook, Ferial El-Hawary
The RF and Microwave Handbook, Mike Golio
The Technology Management Handbook, Richard C. Dorf
The Transforms and Applications Handbook, Second Edition, Alexander D. Poularikas
The VLSI Handbook, Wai-Kai Chen
The Electrical Engineering Handbook
Third Edition
Edited by
Richard C. Dorf
Circuits, Signals, and Speech and Image Processing
Electronics, Power Electronics, Optoelectronics,
Microwaves, Electromagnetics, and Radar
Sensors, Nanoscience, Biomedical Engineering,
and Instruments
Broadcasting and Optical Communication Technology
Computers, Software Engineering, and Digital Devices
Systems, Controls, Embedded Systems, Energy,
and Machines
The Electrical Engineering Handbook
Third Edition
Computers,
Software Engineering,
and
Digital Devices
Edited by
Richard C. Dorf
University of California
Davis, California, U.S.A.
Boca Raton London New York
A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the
Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.
7340_Discl.fm Page 1 Thursday, November 17, 2005 3:27 PM
Published in 2006 by
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-7340-9 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-7340-4 (Hardcover)
Library of Congress Card Number 2005054349
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with
permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish
reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials
or for the consequences of their use.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Computers, software engineering, and digital devices / edited by Richard C. Dorf.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-7340-9 (alk. paper)
1. Computer engineering. 2. Digital electronics. 3. Software engineering. I. Dorf, Richard C. II. Title.
TK7885.C657 2005
621.39--dc22 2005054349
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Preface
Purpose
The purpose of The Electrical Engineering Handbook, 3rd Edition is to provide a ready reference for the
practicingengineerinindustry, government,andacademia, aswell asaidstudentsofengineering.The third
edition has a new look and comprises six volumes including:
Circuits, Signals, and Speech and Image Processing
Electronics, Power Electronics, Optoelectronics, Microwaves, Electromagnetics, and Radar
Sensors, Nanoscience, Biomedical Engineering, and Instruments
Broadcasting and Optical Communication Technology
Computers, Software Engineering, and Digital Devices
Systems, Controls, Embedded Systems, Energy, and Machines
Each volume is edited by Richard C. Dorf, and is a comprehensive format that encompasses the many
aspects of electrical engineering with articles from internationally recognized contributors. The goal is to
provide the most up-to-date information in the classical fields of circuits, signal processing, electronics,
electromagneticfields,energydevices,systems,andelectricaleffectsanddevices,whilecoveringtheemerging
fields of communications, nanotechnology, biometrics, digital devices, computer engineering, systems, and
biomedical engineering. In addition, a complete compendium of information regarding physical, chemical,
andmaterialsdata,aswellaswidelyinclusiveinformationonmathematicsisincludedineachvolume.Many
articlesfromthisvolumeandtheotherfivevolumeshavebeencompletelyrevisedorupdatedtofittheneeds
of today and many new chapters have been added.
The purpose of this volume, Computers, Software Engineering, and Digital Devices, is to provide a ready
referencetosubjectsinthefieldsofdigitalandlogicaldevices,displays,testing,software,andcomputers.Here
we provide the basic information for understanding these fields. We also provide information about the
emerging fields of programmable logic, hardware description languages, and parallel computing.
Organization
The information is organized into three sections. The first two sections encompass 20 chapters and the last
section summarizes the applicable mathematics, symbols, and physical constants.
Most articles include three important and useful categories: defining terms, references, and further infor-
mation.Definingtermsarekeydefinitionsandthefirstoccurrenceofeachtermdefinedisindicatedinboldface
in the text. The definitions of these terms are summarized as a list at the end of each chapter or article.
The references provide a list of useful books and articles for follow-up reading. Finally, further information
provides some general and useful sources of additional information on the topic.
Locating Your Topic
Numerous avenues of access to information are provided. A complete table of contents is presented at the
front of the book. In addition, an individual table of contents precedes each section. Finally, each chapter
beginswithitsowntableofcontents.Thereadershouldlookoverthesetablesofcontentstobecomefamiliar
withthestructure,organization,andcontentofthebook.Forexample,seeSectionII:ComputerEngineering,
thenChapter17:ParallelProcessors, andthenChapter 17.2:ParallelComputing.Thistree-and-branchtable
of contents enables the reader to move up the tree to locate information on the topic of interest.
Two indexes have been compiled to provide multiple means of accessing information: subject index and
indexofcontributingauthors.Thesubjectindexcanalsobeusedtolocatekeydefinitions.Thepageonwhich
the definition appears foreach key (defining) term is clearly identified in the subject index.
TheElectricalEngineeringHandbook,3rdEditionisdesignedtoprovideanswerstomostinquiriesanddirect
theinquirertofurthersourcesandreferences.Wehopethatthishandbookwillbereferredtooftenandthat
informational requirements will be satisfied effectively.
Acknowledgments
This handbook is testimony to the dedication of the Board of Advisors, the publishers, and my editorial
associates.IparticularlywishtoacknowledgeatTaylor&FrancisNoraKonopka,Publisher;HelenaRedshaw,
Editorial Project Development Manager; and Richard Tressider, Project Editor. Finally, Iam indebted to the
support of Elizabeth Spangenberger, Editorial Assistant.
Richard C. Dorf
Editor-in-Chief
Editor-in-Chief
RichardC.Dorf,ProfessorofElectricalandComputerEngineeringattheUniversityofCalifornia,Davis,
teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in electrical engineering in the fields of circuits and control
systems. Heearned a Ph.D. in electrical engineering fromtheU.S. NavalPostgraduate School, an M.S.from
the University of Colorado, and a B.S. from Clarkson University. Highly concerned with the discipline of
electrical engineering and its wide value to social and economic needs, he has written and lectured
internationally on the contributions and advances in electrical engineering.
ProfessorDorfhasextensiveexperiencewitheducationandindustryandisprofessionallyactiveinthefields
of robotics, automation, electric circuits, and communications. He has served as a visiting professor at the
University of Edinburgh, Scotland; the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Stanford University; and the
University of California, Berkeley.
Professor Dorf is Fellow of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and a Fellow of the
American Society for Engineering Education. Dr. Dorf is widely known to the profession for his Modern
Control Systems, 10th Edition (Addison-Wesley, 2004) and The International Encyclopedia of Robotics (Wiley,
1988).Dr.Dorfisalsotheco-authorofCircuits,DevicesandSystems(withRalphSmith),5thEdition(Wiley,
1992), and Electric Circuits, 7th Edition (Wiley, 2006). He also is author of Technology Ventures (McGraw-
Hill, 2005) and The Engineering Handbook, 2nd Edition (CRC Press, 2005).
