The Effects of Standardized and Personalized Hypnotic Induction Techniques on Depth of Trance

98 Pages·2017·2.06 MB·English

by  William C. Schirado

Western Michigan University
ScholarWorks at WMU
Dissertations Graduate College
8-1979
Te Efects of Standardized and Personalized
Hypnotic Induction Techniques on Depth of
Trance
William C. Schirado
Western Michigan University
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Schirado, William C., "Te Efects of Standardized and Personalized Hypnotic Induction Techniques on Depth of Trance" (1979).
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THE EFFECTS OF STANDARDIZED AND PERSONALIZED
HYPNOTIC INDUCTION TECHNIQUES ON DEPTH
OF TRANCE
by
William C. Schirado
Dissertation
Submitted to the
Faculty of The Graduate College
in partial fulfillment
of the
Degree of Doctor of Education
Western Michigan University
Kalamazoo, Michigan
August 1979
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ACKNOWLE DGEMENTS
A special note of appreciation is extended to
Dr. Robert F. Hopkins, who directed this research; and to
Drs. William A. Carlson, Frederick P. Gault, and George P.
Sidney, for the valuable and varied perspectives they
offered throughout this research. My deepest thanks go to
Drs. Hopkins and Carlson for their generous contribution
of time.
William C. Schirado
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7 92 66 3 6
S CH IR ADÜ , W IL LI A M CHA RL E S
THE E F F E C T S OF S T A N D A R D I Z E D AND P E R S O N A L I Z E D
H YP N O T I C I ND UC T I O N T EC H N I Q U E S ON DEP TH O F
TRANCE,
W ES TE R N M I C H I G A N UNI VE R SI TY , ED,0,, 1979
COPR, 1979 SCH IRA DO, WIL LI A M C H A RL E S
International 300 n. zeed road, ann arbor, mi 48ioc
0 1979
W ILLIAM CHARLES SCHIRADO
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I The P r o b l e m ..................................... 1
II The L i t e r a t u r e ................................ 9
Personalized Techniques .................... 9
Standardized Techniques and Scales . . . . 12
Personalized and Standardized Techniques
C o m p a r e d ................................. 19
Research Problems ........................... 25
III The Method, Subjects, Procedure .............. 29
M e t h o d ...................................... 29
S u b j e c t s .................................... 34
Procedure.................................... 35
IV R e s u l t s ......................................... 37
V Discussion, Conclusions, Summary, Recommenda­
tions ........................................ 47
D i s c u s s i o n ................................. 47
Conclusions................................. 51
S u m m a r y ...................................... 54
Recommendations ............................. 55
APPENDIX
A Experienced Clinical Hypnotic Operator
Defxned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
B Standard Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale Scor­
ing Blank, Form A, and Interrogatory Blank 60
C Equivalent Scoring Criteria .................. 64
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D D e b r i e f i n g .................................... 66
E Preliminary Data-Gathering .................. 68
F Standard Explanation toP otential Volunteers
Describing Involvement in Research Concern­
ing H y p n o s i s ............................... 70
G Informed Consent Form ......................... 72
H Debriefing Handout ........................... 74
I Research D a t a .................................. 76
REFERENCES.......................................... 78
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
1. Two-Way Analysis of Variance: Sex and Induction
Type » • • • • • • • • • • • ■ • • • • • • « • • 38
2. Two-Way Analysis of Variance: Experienced
Clinical Hypnotic Operator and Induction Type 39
3. Two-Way Analysis of Variance: Age and Induction
T y p e ................................................. 40
4. Weighted Means Analysis of Variance : Age and
Induction T y p e ..................................... 41
5. Two-Way Analysis of Variance: Department and
Induction T y p e ...................................... 42
6. Weighted Means Analysis of Variance : Department
and Induction T y p e ................................. 43
7. One-Way Analysis of Variance: Total Sample . . 44
8. Differences Between Means ........................ 45
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CHAPTER I
The Problem
The area of hypnosis received increased attention in the
past decade. However, many aspects of hypnosis were in need
of further investigation. One such area, regarding induction
procedures, received limited attention and needs further
study. This research addresses induction procedures.
The scientific study of hypnotic behavior was initially
hindered by the lack of systematic, standardized methods of
induction and measurement necessary for control of variables
and replication of research. The Barber Suggestibility Scale
(BSS) and the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale (SHSS)
addressed this problem by providing standardized formats for
induction and measurement of depth of trance. However, with
the introduction of standardized material, the personalized
clinical practice of structuring the hypnotic induction and
behavior to individuals became less suitable to laboratory
settings.
Hypnosis has been viewed, in general, as a highly indi­
vidualized experience (Shor & Orne, 1965; Weitzenhoffer,
1953) . Personalized (e.g., individualized, permissive)
clinical hypnotic techniques address idiosyncratic needs, and
it may be contended that such personalized techniques are a
major factor in determining the resultant hypnotic behavior
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2
and depth of trance (Erickson, 1958, 1962, 1964b; Fromm &
Shor, 1972; Hull, 1933; Weitzenhoffer, 1963). If personal­
ized techniques are of major consequence in the induction and
depth of trance, standardized inductions and suggestibility
scales may not offer a suitable comparison to the traditional,
personalized clinical setting (Handler & Gridner, 1975;
Erickson, 1954a, 1960, 1965, 1966a; Gindes, 1951; Greene,
1970; Hartland, 1966; Spiegel, 1959; Wilson, 1967). The
question arises as to whether or not laboratory research in
the area of hypnosis, using standardized induction techniques,
is comparable to hypnosis as practiced in the clinical set­
ting, using personalized induction techniques.
In looking for possible differences between these two
general methods of induction, it is noted that a "high" inci­
dence of nonresponsive subjects has been reported in stand­
ardized laboratory research, as compared to reported person­
alized clinical experience (Dana & Cooper, 1964 ; Davis &
Husband, 19 31 ; Deckert & West, 196 3; Dermen & London, 1965 ;
Faw & Wilcox, 1958; Furneaux & Gibson, 1961; Hilgard, Weit-
zenhoffer, Landes, & Moore, 1961; Hilgard & Bentler, 1963;
Melie & Hilgard, 1964; Rosenhan & London, 1963; Shor, Orne,
& O'Connell, 1966; Tart & Hilgard, 1966). No mutual criteria
have been applied to both settings in an attempt to determine
the possible existence of significant differences in success
rates in terms of depth of trance (Friedlander & Sarbin,
1938; Shor, 1962; Tart, 1966 ; Von Dedenroth, 1962). This
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