The Economics of Water Resources: A Comprehensive Approach PDF
Preview The Economics of Water Resources: A Comprehensive Approach
THE ECONOMICS OF WATER RESOURCES A Comprehensive Approach Populationgrowthandrisinglivingstandards,ontheonehand,and changingclimate,ontheotherhand,haveexacerbatedwaterscarcity worldwide. To address this problem, policymakers need to take a wide view of the water economy – a complex structure involving environmental, social, economic, legal, and institutional aspects. Acoherent water policymustlook atthe water economyas awhole andapplyacomprehensiveapproachtopolicyinterventions.Written bytwooftheworld’sleadingscholarsoneconomicsofwater,thisis the first graduate-level textbook on the topic. The book discusses waterresourcemanagementwithinacomprehensiveframeworkthat integrates the different, yet highly entwined, elements of a water economy. It follows the steps needed to develop a well-designed set ofpoliciesbasedondetailedanalysesofinterventionmeasures,using multi-sectoral and economy-wide examples from a variety of loca- tions and situationsaroundthe world. is Distinguished Professor of Environmental Economics and Policy at the School of Public Policy, University of California, Riverside. He served as lead economist on water and climate change for the World Bank. He is the editor-in-chief of the journalWaterEconomicsandPolicy.HeisanInternationalFellowof the Center for Agricultural Economic Research of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, a Fulbright Senior Specialist, and a FellowoftheAgriculturalandAppliedEconomicsAssociation. is the Ruth Ochberg Professor of Agriculture at the Department of Environmental Economics and Management at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He publishes widely in economic outlets,servedasco-editorofWaterResourcesResearchandofResource and Energy Economics and has been actively involved in advising Israel’s Water Authority and the World Bank on various issues concerning water resource managementand regulation. Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. , on 08 Mar 2022 at 10:20:11, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316678640 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. , on 08 Mar 2022 at 10:20:11, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316678640 THE ECONOMICS OF WATER RESOURCES A Comprehensive Approach ARIEL DINAR UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside YACOV TSUR HebrewUniversityofJerusalem Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. , on 08 Mar 2022 at 10:20:11, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316678640 UniversityPrintingHouse,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,thFloor,NewYork,,USA WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,,Australia –,rdFloor,Plot,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre,NewDelhi–,India AnsonRoad,#–/,Singapore CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/ :./ ©ArielDinarandYacovTsur Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJBooksLimited,PadstowCornwall AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData :Dinar,Ariel,–author.|Tsur,Yacov,author. :Theeconomicsofwaterresources/ArielDinar,UniversityofCalifornia, Riverside,YacovTsur,HebrewUniversityofJerusalem. :Cambridge,UnitedKingdom;NewYork,NY:Cambridge UniversityPress,[]|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. :(print)|(ebook)| (hardback)|(paperback)| (epub) ::Waterresourcesdevelopment.|Water-supply–Economicaspects.| Water-supply–Governmentpolicy. :.(print)|(ebook)|.– LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/ LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/ ----Hardback ----Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. , on 08 Mar 2022 at 10:20:11, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316678640 Contents List of Figures page vi List of Tables ix Acknowledgments x Introduction and Outlook The State of Water Resources and the Need for a Comprehensive Perspective The Water Economy Supply Costs, Demands and Benefits Optimal Water Policy Water Regulation Accounting for Uncertain Water Supplies: Conjunctive Water Management Case Studies of Regulatory Interventions Economy-Wide Considerations of Water Management Management of Transboundary Waters Index v Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. , on 08 Mar 2022 at 10:20:10, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316678640 Figures . Estimates and forecasts of global water withdrawals between and (km/year) page . Freshwater resources per capita by continent () and by representative water-scarce regions () (–) . Freshwater resources per capita for a sample of water-scarce () and water-abundant () countries (–) . Major world cities with populations exceeding million inhabitants in . Major world cities with populations exceeding million inhabitants in . Global drought events between and . Global flood events between and . Future changes in six main hydrological parameters predicted for – . Annual precipitation in California, and . Annual precipitation in the Jordan Basin States, and . Trends in groundwater levels in major aquifers . Water reservoirs around the world () . Ratio of treated wastewater to produced sewage in selected countries (in ) . Number and location of desalination plants in (top) and (bottom) . Global capacity of desalination plants in (top) and (bottom) . Global number of domestic water laws enacted by year, – . Total cumulative number of transboundary river basin water laws and agreements, – vi Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. , on 08 Mar 2022 at 10:20:10, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316678640 List of Figures vii . Total cumulative number of transboundary groundwater laws and agreements, – . Water transfers between water districts in California, – . Volume of water allocation and entitlement trade in the South Murray–Darling Basin, – . Number of registered transactions in water rights in Chile between and . A schematic water economy . Institutional structure of Israel’s water economy following the water reform . Natural water sources west of the Jordan River . Domestic water allocation (MCM/y) during the period – . Per capita domestic water consumption (annual cubic meters per capita) and domestic water prices during the period – . Agricultural water allocations (MCM/y) during the period – . Desalination costs ($/m) at the plant’s gate of Israel’s five large-scale, seawater desalination plants . A water economy with the variable and capital supply costs . The annual benefits generated by the water allocation q(t) and the natural water stock Q . Sectoral demand curve (panel a) and unit cost of water allocations from a given source to a given sector (panel b) . Natural water supply (rainfall) fluctuates around a mean μ . Adding a stock source (groundwater) at a price p to nA the (costless) uncertain rainfall Z . Optimal groundwater infrastructure under linear demand . Optimal groundwater infrastructure under a strictly convex water demand . Groundwater extractions (a) and water table depth under common property extraction behavior (b) . Groundwater extraction (a) and water table depth under optimal extraction behavior (b) . Annual net benefits (a) and water table depth (b) under decoupling and elimination of subsidy . Total present value of net benefits Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. , on 08 Mar 2022 at 10:20:10, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316678640 viii List of Figures . Farmers gross margin, social welfare, and water table level under different scenarios . A general exposition of an economy-wide system that addresses the interactions of water and the various economic sectors . The macro–micro linkage effects of removing subsidies to processing of sugar, oil, and wheat . The macro–micro linkage effects of reallocation of water from rural to urban uses . The macro–micro linkage effects of drought resulting in reduction of surface water available for irrigation Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. , on 08 Mar 2022 at 10:20:10, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316678640 Tables . Available renewable natural continental and world water resources page . Number of drought and flood events between and divided into three periods . Global number of wastewater facilities and capacity (billion cubic meters per year) . Treated wastewater reuse for various purposes in California, , , . Status of water rights, allocation and trade in water-scarce countries . Main methods for pricing irrigation water consumption . Main methods for pricing residential water consumption . Israel’s current desalination capacity . Prevalent water regulation schemes . Costs, payments, and proceeds . Parameters and functions . Unit supply costs . Demand parameters . Water allocations and prices . Water allocations and prices without desalination . Summaryoftheperformanceofthedifferentpolicyinstruments .A Parameters used in simulations for Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico .A Aquifer parameters in western la Mancha, Spain . Selected policy and policy linkages used in the analysis of Morocco . Net benefits accrued by various coalitions in the Blue Nile Basin under various coalitional arrangements, water trade/no trade, abatement of soil erosion, and allocation scenarios (billion US$ in prices) ix Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. , on 08 Mar 2022 at 10:20:10, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316678640
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