The EACVI Echo Handbook

610 Pages·2016·16.48 MB·English

by  Patrizio Lancellotti, Bernard Cosyns

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The EACVI
Echo Handbook
European Society of Cardiology publications
The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine (Second Edition)
Edited by A. John Camm, Thomas F. Lüscher, and Patrick W. Serruys
The EAE Textbook of Echocardiography
Editor-in-Chief: Leda Galiuto, with Co-Editors: Luigi Badano, Kevin Fox, Rosa Sicari,
and Jose Luis Zamorano
The ESC Textbook of Intensive and Acute Cardiovascular Care (Second Edition)
Edited by Marco Tubaro, Pascal Vranckx, Susanna Price, and Christiaan Vrints
The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Imaging (Second Edition)
Edited by Jose Luis Zamorano, Jeroen Bax, Juhani Knuuti, Patrizio Lancellotti, Luigi Badano,
and Udo Sechtem
The ESC Textbook of Preventive Cardiology
Edited by Stephan Gielen, Guy De Backer, Massimo Piepoli, and David Wood
The EHRA Book of Pacemaker, ICD, and CRT Troubleshooting: Case-based learning with
multiple choice questions
Edited by Haran Burri, Jean-Claude Deharo, and Carsten Israel
The EACVI Echo Handbook
Edited by Patrizio Lancellotti and Bernard Cosyns
Forthcoming
The ESC Handbook of Preventive Cardiology: Putting prevention into practice
Edited by Catriona Jennings, Ian Graham, and Stephan Gielen
The EACVI Textbook of Echocardiography 2e
Edited by Patrizio Lancellotti, Jose Luis Zamorano, Gilbert Habib, and Luigi Badano
The EACVI
Echo Handbook
Edited by
Patrizio Lancellotti
University of Liege, Hospital Sart Tilman, Belgium
Bernard Cosyns
Free University of Brussels, Belgium
1
3
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Foreword
Echocardiography has been in use for over 50 years yet it continues to evolve at a sur-
prisingly rapid rate. Echocardiography has become the first-line imaging in the diag-
nostic work-up and monitoring of most cardiac diseases. Providing a high-q uality
book that encompasses what anyone in the field of echocardiography wants and needs
to know has been our aim.
The EACVI Echo Handbook does not intend to be a cut-down version of an echocar-
diography textbook. It presents the information a busy clinician needs to review or to
consult while performing or reporting an echo or making clinical decisions based on
echo findings and reports the most practical information required at the bedside.
A formidable team of internationally prominent clinicians have contributed to the
various chapters according to their areas of expertise. Most have published or par-
ticipated in the publication of the EACVI echocardiography recommendations. The
Handbook thus heavily relies on the EACVI recommendations and the updated EACVI
Core Curriculum.
The EACVI Echo Handbook provides a wide range of clinicians with a foundation
for the practice of the skills necessary for assessing patients using echocardiography.
This book belongs on the desk of all sonographers, trainees in cardiology, cardiologists
as well as other clinicians such as intensivists, anaesthesiologists, and students inter-
ested in echocardiography. It is laid out in a very logical sequence starting with how to
set up the echomachine to optimize an examination and how to perform and interpret
d an echocardiogram accurately. The subsequent chapters are disease-focused and
r
o provide in-depth overviews of all relevant information needed in daily practice.
w
E A future digital edition is planned as a companion to the present printed edition,
r
o
F allowing users to access online videos to illustrate most of the topics addressed, to
track favourites, keep a history of navigation, and to retrieve information even more
rapidly.
The EACVI Echo Handbook is a valuable resource that deserves a place in your echo
reporting room.
Patrizio Lancellotti and
Bernard Cosyns
vi
Contents
Contributors xiii
Abbreviations xiv
1 Examination 1
1.1 How to set up the echo machine to optimize your examination 2
2 The standard transthoracic echo examination 15
2.1 2D echocardiology and M-mode echocardiography 16
2.2 Doppler echocardiography 24
2.3 Functional echocardiography 49
Reference values 63
Suggested reading 67
2.4 3D echocardiography 68
Reference values 87
Suggested reading 87
2.5 Left ventricular opacification with contrast echocardiography 88
Suggested reading 100
2.6 The storage and report on transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) 101
Suggested reading 109
tS 3 The standard transoesophageal examination 111
n
tE 3.1 Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) 112
n
o Suggested reading 125
C
3.2 The standard transoesophageal 3D echo examination 126
Suggested reading 131
3.3 The storage and report on transoesophageal
echocardiography 132
Suggested reading 138
4 Assessment of the left ventricular systolic function 139
4.1 Left chamber quantification 140
Suggested reading 159
5 Assessment of diastolic function 161
5.1 Left ventricle diastolic function 162
Suggested reading 185
6 Ischaemic cardiac disease (ICd) 187
Introduction 188
6.1 Assessment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) 189
6.2 Complications of AMI 191
6.3 Determinants of prognosis in chronic ICD 196
Suggested reading 197
viii
7 Heart valve disease 199 tS
n
7.1 Aortic valve stenosis 201 E
t
n
7.2 Pulmonary stenosis 220 o
C
7.3 Mitral stenosis 224
7.4 Tricuspid stenosis 240
7.5 Aortic regurgitation 244
7.6 Mitral regurgitation 264
7.7 Tricuspid stenosis 290
7.8 Pulmonary regurgitation 307
7.9 Multiple and mixed valve disease 313
7.10 Prosthetic valves 320
7.11 Infective endocarditis 338
8 Cardiomyopathies 353
Introduction 354
8.1 Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) 355
8.2 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) 358
8.3 Arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy (ARVC) 371
8.4 Left ventricular non-compaction (LVNC) 373
8.5 Myocarditis 374
8.6 Takotsubo cardiomyopathy 375
8.7 Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) 376
Suggested reading 378
ix