Table Of Content

P1:KNP-JPJ/JLP P2:KOD CB732-FM CB732-Fallon-v1 June14,2004 12:27 This page intentionally left blank ii P1:KNP-JPJ/JLP P2:KOD CB732-FM CB732-Fallon-v1 June14,2004 12:27 The Dynamic Constitution In this book Harvard law professor Richard H. Fallon, Jr., introduces nonlawyerstotheworkingsofAmericanConstitutionalLaw.Hewrites withclarityandvigoraboutleadingconstitutionaldoctrinesandissues, includingthefreedomofspeech,thefreedomofreligion,theguarantee ofequalprotection,rightstofairprocedures,andrightstoprivacyand sexualautonomy.Alongtheway,Fallondescribesmanyofthefascinat- ingcasesandpersonalitiesthathaveshapedconstitutionallaw.Heshows howhistorical,cultural,andotherfactorshaveinﬂuencedconstitutional adjudication,makingclearthedynamicnatureoftheConstitution.For both the courts and the American people, Fallon argues, the Consti- tution must serve as a dynamic document that adapts to the changing conditionsinherentinhumanaffairs.Fallongoesontodefenddynamic constitutionalismbyconfrontingheadontheconcernsthatsomecritics haveraised. RichardH.Fallon,Jr.,istheRalphS.TylerProfessorofConstitutional LawattheHarvardLawSchool.HeearnedhisB.A.fromYaleUniver- sity, matriculated as a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University, and then took hislegaleducationattheYaleLaw School. Widely knownforhis expertise in constitutional law and the federal courts, Fallon has been a valuable advisor to many organizations and litigants facing constitutional issues. Professor Fallon is also an accomplished educator. He is coeditor of a leading constitutional law case book, and he was voted themostoutstandingteacherontheHarvardLawSchoolfacultybythe 2000graduatingclass.BornandraisedinMaine,DickFallonnowlives withhisfamilyinBelmont,Massachusetts. i P1:KNP-JPJ/JLP P2:KOD CB732-FM CB732-Fallon-v1 June14,2004 12:27 ii P1:KNP-JPJ/JLP P2:KOD CB732-FM CB732-Fallon-v1 June14,2004 12:27 THE DYNAMIC CONSTITUTION An Introduction to American Constitutional Law Richard H. Fallon, Jr. HarvardUniversity iii    Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge  , UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521840941 © Richard H. Fallon, Jr. 2004 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published in print format 2004 - ---- eBook (EBL) - --- eBook (EBL) - ---- hardback - --- hardback - ---- paperback - --- paperback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. P1:KNP-JPJ/JLP P2:KOD CB732-FM CB732-Fallon-v1 June14,2004 12:27 For Jenny v P1:KNP-JPJ/JLP P2:KOD CB732-FM CB732-Fallon-v1 June14,2004 12:27 vi P1:KNP-JPJ/JLP P2:KOD CB732-FM CB732-Fallon-v1 June14,2004 12:27 Contents Preface page xi Prologue:Bushv.Gore xv Introduction: TheDynamicConstitution 1 History 2 OriginalConstitutionalDesign 4 TheConstitutionasHigherLaw:Foundationsof JudicialReview 9 Marburyv.Madison:AnEnduringSymbolof JudicialPower 10 PoliticsandJudicialReview 14 APreliminaryPerspectiveonHowtheSupremeCourt InterpretstheConstitution 16 ABriefHistoryofJudicialReview 19 AnOutlineofWhatIstoCome 26 PartI: IndividualRightsUndertheConstitution 1 FreedomofSpeech 31 TheFoundationsofModernDoctrine 32 ProximateOriginsofModernDoctrine 34 ExpressiveConduct 42 ShockingandOffensiveSpeech 44 RemainingUnprotectedCategories,IncludingObscenity 45 CommercialSpeech 48 TheBroadcastMedia 51 FreedomtoAssociateandNottoAssociate 53 ConcludingNote 55 vii P1:KNP-JPJ/JLP P2:KOD CB732-FM CB732-Fallon-v1 June14,2004 12:27 contents 2 FreedomofReligion 57 IntroductiontotheEstablishmentClause 59 ReligioninthePublicSchools 61 GovernmentalAidtoReligiousInstitutions 63 TheFreeExerciseClause 67 VoluntaryGovernmentalAccommodationsofReligion 71 TensionsBetweentheFreeExerciseand EstablishmentClauses 72 3 ProtectionofEconomicLiberties 75 EarlyHistory 76 TheFourteenthAmendment 78 SubstantiveDueProcess 81 ModernContractsClauseDoctrine 86 TheTakingsClause 87 ConcludingThoughts 89 4 RightstoFairProcedures 91 ProceduralRightsinCriminalCases 92 Time,Elections,andChange 97 TheLawontheBooksversustheLawinPractice 98 ProceduralRightsinCivilCases 100 DueProcessinAdministrativeProceedings 101 5 EqualProtectionoftheLaws 106 EqualProtectionandtheConstitution 109 RationalBasisReview 111 RaceandtheConstitution:InvidiousDiscrimination 114 RaceandtheConstitution:DisparateImpact 122 AfﬁrmativeAction 123 GenderandtheConstitution 129 DiscriminationAgainstHomosexuals 133 Conclusion 136 6 FundamentalRights 138 TheIdeaofFundamentalRights 140 SexualPrivacyorAutonomy 142 Roev.WadeandAbortionRights 144 GayRights 147 viii

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Gore xv. Introduction: The Dynamic Constitution. 1. History. 2. Original Constitutional Design. 4. The Constitution as Higher Law: Foundations of by a school official. It does mean, however, that students cannot be deprived of that liberty interest without being afforded due process of law in the