ebook img

The Digital University: Reinventing the Academy PDF

319 Pages·1998·14.545 MB·English
Save to my drive
Quick download
Download
Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.

Preview The Digital University: Reinventing the Academy

Computer Supported Cooperative Wo rk Springer-Verlag London Ltd. Also in this series Gerold Riempp Wide Area Workflow Management: Creating Partnerships for the 21st Century 3-540-76243-4 Celia T. Romm and Fay Sudweeks (eds) Doing Business Electronically: A Global Perspective of Electronic Commerce 3-540-76159-4 Reza Hazemi, Stephen Hailes and Steve Wilbur (Eds) The Digital University Reinventing the Academy With 35 Figures i Springer Reza Hazemi, BEng, MSc, PhD Stephen Hailes, MA, PhD Steve Wilbur, BSc(Eng), MSc, CEng, FIEE, FBCS Department of Computing Sdence, University College London, Gower Street, London, WCIE 6BT, UK Series Editors Dan Diaper, PhD, MBCS Head, Department of Computing, School of Design, Engineering and Computing, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset BHI2 5BB, UK Coiston Sanger Shottersley Research Limited, Little Shottersley, Farnham Lane Haslemere, SurreyGU27IHA, UK ISBN 978-1-85233-003-3 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data The digital university : reinventing the academy. -(Computer supported cooperative work) 1.Computer-assisted instruction 2.Universities and colleges -Data processing 3.Education, Higher -Data proeessing 4.Edueation, higher -Computer network resourees 5.Universities and colleges -Computer network resourees I.Hazerni, Reza II.Halles, Stephen III.Wilbur, Steve 378'00285 ISBN 978-1-85233-003-3 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publieation Data The digital university: reinventing the academy I Reza Hazerni. Stephen Halles, and Stephen Wilber. eds. p. em. --(Computer supported eooperative work) ISBN 978-1-85233-003-3 ISBN 978-1-4471-0625-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-0625-8 1. Education, Higher--Great Britain--data proeessing. 2. University eooperation--Great Britain. 3. Edueation, Higher--Effeet of technologieal innovations on--Great Britain. 4. Internet (Computer network) in edueation--Great Britain 5. eomputer-assisted instruction--Great Britain. 6. Distance education--Great Britain. I. Hazerni. Reza, 1996- . II. Halles. Stephen. 1965- III. Wilbur, Steve, 1944- . IV. Series. LB2395.7.D54 1998 378'.00285--dc21 98-6346 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as perrnitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transrnitted. in any form or by any means, with the prior perrnission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographie reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. © Springer-Verlag London 1998 Originally published by Springer-Verlag London Limited 1998 Crown copyright is reproduced with the perrnission of the Controller ofHer Majesty's Stationary Office. The use of registered names, trademarks etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. Typesetting: Camera ready by editors 34/3830-54321 Printed on acid-free paper Contents THE CONTRIBUTORS ................................................................................. XV FOREWORD ............................................................................................... XXI 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1 1.1 THE NEED ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 THE SOLUTION ...................................................................................... 2 1.3 THE STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK .............................................................. 3 2. REINVENTING mE ACADEMY ............................................................ 7 2.1 COLLABORATIVE T ASKS ........................................................................ 7 2.1.1 Teaching ....................................................................................... 8 2.1.2 Research ....................................................................................... 9 2.1.3 Support ....................................................................................... 10 2.1.4 Administration ............................................................................ 11 2.1.5 Comment ..................................................................................... 13 2.2 AVAILABLE TOOLS ............................................................................. 14 2.2.1 WWW-based Tools ...................................................................... 14 2.2.2 Commercial Tools ....................................................................... 14 2.2.3 Locally-built Tools ...................................................................... 15 2.2.4 Comment ..................................................................................... 15 2.3 ApPLICATION OF TOOLS ...................................................................... 15 2.3.1 Teaching ..................................................................................... 15 2.3.2 Research ..................................................................................... 16 2.3.3 Support ....................................................................................... 16 2.3.4 Administration ............................................................................ 16 2.3.5 Comment ..................................................................................... 17 2.4 THE FUTURE OF HiGHER EDUCATION: THE DEARING REpORT ............... 17 2.4.1 Teaching ...................................................................................... 17 2.4.2 Administration ............................................................................ 19 2.4.3 The Changing Face of Higher Education ..................................... 20 2.4.4 Comment ..................................................................................... 23 2.5 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................... 23 REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 24 VI The Digital University 3. MANAGING DISTANCE LEARNING -NEW CHALLENGES FOR FACULTy ................................................................................................ 25 3.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 25 3.2 A NEW MANAGEMENT MIND SET ........................................................ 26 3.3 A NEW STYLE OF MANAGEMENT.. ....................................................... 27 3.4 MANAGING METAPHOR ....................................................................... 28 3.5 MANAGING MEANING ......................................................................... 30 3.6 MANAGING CULTURE .......................................................................... 31 3.7 MANAGING ROLES .............................................................................. 32 3.8 MANAGING TIME ................................................................................ 33 3.9 MANAGING AWARENESS ..................................................................... 34 3.10 MANAGING COLLABORATION .............................................................. 35 3.11 MANAGING FACULTY DEVELOPMENT .................................................. 36 3.12 NEW CENTRES OF LEARNING ............................................................... 36 REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 37 4. COLLABORATIVE INTERACTIONS IN SUPPORT OF LEARNING: MODELS, METAPHORS AND MANAGEMENT .......... 39 4.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 40 4.2 A MODEL OF THE INTERACTION SPACE ................................................ 40 4.2.1 Teaching Theatres Become Stagesfor Collaboration ................... 41 4.2.2 Collaborative Spaces ................................................................... 42 4.3 METAPHORS AND THE HYPERCOURSEW ARE PROTOTYPE ...................... 45 4.3.1 HyperCourseware Prototype ....................................................... 46 4.3.2 Interface Designfor Collaboration .............................................. 48 4.4 POLICIES FOR MANAGING LEARNING ACTIVITIES ................................. 49 4.5 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................... 52 REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 53 5. TOWARDS THE VIRTUAL CLASS: ON-LINE HYPERMEDIA IN HIGHER EDUCATION ........................................................................... 55 5.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 55 5.2 SOME INTRINSIC QUALITIES OF THE INTERNET AND INTRANETS AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION .................................................... 57 5.2.1 It is a Global Phenomenon .......................................................... 57 5.2.2 Ease ofP ublishing and Maintenance ........................................... 58 5.2.3 Consistency ofI nterface .............................................................. 58 5.2.4 Natural Interface ......................................................................... 59 5.2.5 Seamless Access .......................................................................... 59 5.2.6 Highly Interactive ....................................................................... 60 5.2.7 Unbound in Space/Time .............................................................. 60 5.2.8 Distributed, Non-hierarchical [4] ................................................ 60 5.2.9 Is in Line with the Emergence oft he Information Society ............. 61 5.3 SOME KEy MANAGEMENT ISSUES IN HiGHER EDUCATION IN PROGRESSING Tow ARD THE VIRTUAL CLASS ....................................... 61 5.3.1 Convergence ............................................................................... 62 Contents vii 5.3.2 An Approachfor Organisational Change ..................................... 62 5.3.3 Ensuring Adequate Motivationfor Virtual Class Facilitators ....... 64 5.3.4 Dealing with an Increasing Proximity between Industry and Education .................................................................................... 65 5.4 SUPPORTING ON-LINE EDUCATION WITH HYPERMEDIA COURSEWARE .. 65 5.4.1 Communication Structures .......................................................... 66 5.4.2 Enrolmentfor the On-line Courses .............................................. 67 5.4.3 Downloading Mechanismsfor the Courses .................................. 67 5.4.4 Navigational Paths and Other Facilitiesfor Different Learning Styles ......................................................................................... 67 5.4.5 Help Information ......................................................................... 69 5.4.6 Providing an Ability for Students to Publish Directly on the Web or Intranet .................................................................................. 69 5.5 ISSUES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ON-LINE HYPERMEDIA COURSEW ARE 69 5.5.1 Systems Development Methodology ............................................. 69 5.5.2 Project Team Composition .......................................................... 70 5.6 SUMMARY .......................................................................................... 71 REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 72 6. CREATING A COMMUNITY OF LEARNING USING WEB-BASED TOOLS ..................................................................................................... 73 6.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 73 6.2 ApPLICATION OF CSCW PRINCIPLES TO A MASTERS COURSE ............... 75 6.2.1 The Problem Space ..................................................................... 75 6.2.2 Solutions Based on CSCW Principles and the Web ....................... 76 6.3 DIMENSIONS OF COURSE SUPPORT ....................................................... 77 6.4 DESIGN ISSUES .................................................................................... 78 6.4.1 Support for the Group Concept .................................................... 78 6.4.2 Properties of a Virtual Course Environment ................................ 79 6.4.3 Support for Asynchronous Collaborative Tasks ............................ 79 6.5 IMPLEMENTATION ............................................................................... 80 6.6 INFORMAL EVALUATION ..................................................................... 82 6.7 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................... 83 REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 84 7. USING THE WWW FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING: RAISING AWARENESS WITHIN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON ............. 85 7.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 85 7.2 THE POTENTIAL OF THE WWW IN HIGHER EDUCATION ........................ 86 7.3 CURRENT USE OF WWW .................................................................... 88 7.4 UCL's USE OF THE WWW FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING .................. 89 7.5 OUR ApPROACH TO ENCOURAGING THE USE OF THE WWW: CHEW .... 90 7.5.1 Interviewing the Staff .................................................................. 90 7.5.2 Why a Portfolio Approach? ......................................................... 91 7.5.3 Description of the Portfolio ......................................................... 91 7.6 TOOLS FOR CREATING COURSEWARE ................................................... 93 7.7 THE WORKSHOPS ................................................................................ 94 V111 The Digital University 7.8 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................... 95 REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 96 8. AN ASYNCHRONOUS COLLABORATIVE LEARNING SYSTEM ON THE WEB .......................................................................................... 99 8.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 99 8.2 THE EDUCATIONAL CONTEXT ............................................................. 100 8.3 THEUSER'sDoMAIN ......................................................................... 101 8.4 OVERVIEWOFTHESERVICES .............................................................. 102 8.4.1 Basic Services ............................................................................ 10 3 8.4.2 Complementary Services ............................................................ 104 8.5 SPECIFICATION OF THE USER INTERFACE ............................................ 105 8.5.1 Basic Principles ......................................................................... 10 5 8.5.2 AgentsoftheACLS. .................................................................... 107 8.5.3 Consistency oft he Inteiface ........................................................ 108 8.6 SPECIFICATION OF THE USABILITY METRICS ....................................... 109 8.6.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 10 9 8.6.2 Effectiveness .; ............................................................................ 110 8. 6.3 Flexibility ................................................................................... 111 8.6.4 Learnability ............................................................................... 111 8.6.5 Attitude ...................................................................................... 111 8.7 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................... 112 REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 112 9. MODIFYING MULTI-USER DISCUSSION SYSTEMS TO SUPPORT TEXT-BASED VIRTUAL LEARNING ENVIRON- MENTs ON THE WEB - THE COMENTOR EXPERIENCE ............. 115 9.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 116 9.2 MUDs AND MOOs ............................................................................ 116 9.2.1 Definition ................................................................................... 116 9.2.2 Educational MUDs and MOOs ................................................... 117 9.2.3 Writing MUDs and MOOs .......................................................... 118 9.2.4 Language MUDs and MOOs ...................................................... 119 9.2.5 Campus and General MUDs and MOOs ..................................... 119 9.2.6 Research Community MOOs ....................................................... 119 9.2.7 Pedagogy in MUDs and MOOs .................................................. 120 9.2.8 Technical Issues: MOO and the Web .......................................... 121 9.3 COMENTOR. ....................................................................................... 122 9.3.1 Introduction to coMentor ............................................................ 122 9.3.2 coMentor Design Philosophy ...................................................... 123 9.4 EXTENDING THE GEOGRAPHIC METAPHOR OF ROOMS ......................... 126 9.5 FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS .................................................................. 127 REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 129 ApPENDIX 9.A A SELECTED LiST OF EDUCATIONAL MOOs/MUDs ............ .l31 10. A SERVER FOR THE JOINT PRODUCTION OF DOCUMENTS ON THE WORLD WIDE WEB .............................................................. 135 Contents IX 10.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 135 10.2 THE WEB4GROUPS PROJECT .............................................................. 136 10.3 PRINCIPLES OF JOINT PRODUCTION OF DOCUMENTS (JPD) ................... 137 10.3.1 Document Structure ................................................................... 138 10.3.2 Server Architecture ................................................................... 139 10.3.3 Server Functionalities ................................................................ 140 10.3.4 Format ....................................................................................... 141 10.3.5 Upload ...................................................................................... 141 10.3.6 Hypertext Handling .................................................................... 142 10.3. 7 Annotations ............................................................................... 144 10.4 USER INTERFACE ............................................................................... 144 10.5 EXTENSIONS ...................................................................................... 146 10.5.1 Features ..................................................................................... 146 10.5.2 Upload Extensions ..................................................................... 149 10.5.3 Generic Model .......................................................................... 150 10.5.4 User Interface ........................................................................... 150 10.6 RELATED WORK ................................................................................ 151 10.7 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................... 151 REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 152 11. SUPPORT FOR AUTHORING AND MANAGING WEB-BASED COURSEWORK: THE TACO PROJECT ............................................. 155 11.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 156 11.2 BACKGROUND ................................................................................... 158 11.2.1 Requirements for a Web-based Coursework System .................... 159 11.3 THE TACO SYSTEM .......................................................................... 162 11.3.1 The TA CO A uthoring Interface .................................................. 165 11.3.2 The TACO Student Interface ....................................................... 166 11.4 RESULTS FROM THE PILOT STUDy ....................................................... 168 11.4.1 Evaluation by Lecturers .............................................................. 168 11.4.2 Evaluation by Students ............................................................... 169 11.4.3 Observation on Student Behaviour .............................................. I70 11.5 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................... 170 11.5.1 Improvements to the TACO System ............................................. 171 11.5.2 The Process ofA uthoring Coursework ........................................ I7I 11.5.3 Coping with Distributed System Environments in HEIs ............... 172 11.5.4 Participatory Design in the Development ofE ducational Technology ................................................................................ 173 REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 174 ApPENDIX II.A LiST OF REQUIREMENTS FOR A WEB-BASED SYSTEM .............. 176 12. GROUPWARE SUPPORT FOR ASYNCHRONOUS COLLABORATIVE KNOWLEDGE WORK ........................................ 179 12.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 179 12.2 GROUP TASK CHARACTERISTICS ........................................................ 180 12.2.1 Adopting an Information Exchange Perspective ......................... 181 12.2.2 Group Task Inter-dependence ..................................................... 182 x The Digital University 12.3 GROUPW ARE CHARACTERISTICS: SUPPORT OF INFORMATION EXCHANGE ........................................................................................ 182 12.4 THE QUALITY OF INFORMATION EXCHANGE ....................................... 183 12.5 METHOD ............................................................................................ 183 12.6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................................. 184 12.6.1 Overall Support by Lotus Notes .................................................. 185 12.6.2 Group Task Inter-dependence .................................................... 185 12.6.3 Amount and Nature ofI nformation Exchange ............................. 186 12.6.4 Communication Gains and Losses ............................................. 188 12.7 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................... 190 REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 19 1 13. USING LOTUS NOTES FOR ASYNCHRONOUS, COLLABORATIVE LEARNING AND RESEARCH ........................... 195 13.1 ASYNCHRONOUS COLLABORATION ..................................................... 195 13.2 ACADEMIC COURSES .......................................................................... 196 13.2.1 Case 1 -Professional Development for Practicing Management Developers ............................................................ 196 13.2.2 Case 2 -A Modular Programme for the Development of Learning Technology Professionals ............................................ 197 13.2.3 Case 3 -Second Year Law Undergraduates ................................ 197 13.3 RESEARCH SUPPORT .......................................................................... 198 13.3.1 Case 4 -Learning Company and Re-view. ................................... 198 13.3.2 Case 5 - Virtual Student Mobility ................................................ 198 13.4 ASYNCHRONOUS INFORMATION SHARING ........................................... 199 13.4.1 Case 6 - Teaching Developments Database and Discussion ........ 199 13.4.2 Case 7 -Notes Calls ................................................................... 200 13.5 FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS .................................................................... 200 13.5.1 The Networking Academy ........................................................... 200 13.5.2 Showcase for Notes/Web ............................................................ 201 13.6 SUPPORT ISSUES ................................................................................ 201 13.6.1 Administration ........................................................................... 201 13.7 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN SUPPORTING DISTANCE LEARNER USE OF NOTES .......................................................................................... 203 13. 7.1 Replication ................................................................................. 203 13.7.2 The Groupware Mind Set ........................................................... 204 13. 7.3 Hardware ................................................................................... 204 13.7.4 Development vs Stability ............................................................ 204 13.8 ADVANTAGES OF USING NOTES TO SUPPORT LEARNERS ...................... 205 REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 206 14. SUPPORTING ASYNCHRONOUS COLLABORATION IN ACADEMIA ............................................................................................ 209 14.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 209 14.2 ASYNCHRONOUS COLLABORATION ..................................................... 210 14 .3 GROUPWARE AND ASYNCHRONOUS COLLABORATION ......................... 2 1 1 14.4 RELEVANCE TO ACADEMIA ................................................................ 213

See more

The list of books you might like

Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.