The Design Productivity Debate PDF
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The Design Productivity Debate Springer London Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Budapest Hong Kong Milan Paris Santa Clara Singapore Tokyo Alex H.B. Duffy (Ed.) The Design Prod uctivity Debate With 83 Figures , Springer Alex H.B. Duffy, BSc, PhD, C.Eng, C.lS.Eng, MBCS, FIED Department of Design, Manufacture and Engineering Management University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow G 1 lXJ, UK ISBN-13: 978-1-4471-1540-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-\-447\-\538-0 001: 10.1007/978-\-447\-\538-0 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data The design productivity debate I.Engineering design 1.Duffy, Alexander Hynd Black 620'.0042 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The design productivity debate 1 Alex H.B. Duffy, ed. p. cm. Includes papersfrom the First International Engineering Design Debate, held Sept. 1996 in Glasgow. Includes bibliographical references (p. ). 1. Design, Industrial--Management. 2. Engineering design--Data processing. 3. Computer-aided design. 4. Concurrent engineering. 1. Duffy, Alex H. B. (Alex Hynd Black), 1957- . II.International Engineering Design Debate (lst : 1996 : Glasgow, Scotland) TS171.D466 1997 97-26407 658.5'75--dc21 CIP Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of repro graphic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. © Springer-Verlag London Limited 1998 Softcover reprint of the hardcover \ 5t edition \998 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. Typesetting: Camera ready by editor 69/3830-543210 Printed on acid-free paper Contents Preface......................................................................................................... vii Design Productivity A.H.B. Duffy ........................................................................................................... 1 Part I: Design Studies Investigating Productivity in Engineering Design: A Theoretical and Empirical Perspective M. Cantamessa ...................................................................................................... 13 Negotiating Right Along: An Extended Case Study of the Social Activity of Engineering Design S.L. Minneman and S.R. Harrison ........................................................................ 32 Influences on Design Productivity-Empirical Investigations of Group Design Processes in Industry E. Frankenberger and P. Badke-Schaub .............................................................. 51 Computer Supported Co-operative Product Development Using a Process-Based Approach E.H. McMahon....................................................................................................... 78 Competitive Industrial Product Development Needs Multi disciplinary Knowledge Acquisition M. Norell................................................................................................................. 100 Part II: Design Development A Socio-Technical System for the Support of the Management and Control of Engineering Design Projects A.P. Jagodzinski, R. Parsons, C. Burningham, J. Evans, F. Reid and P.F. Culverhouse .................................................................................................... 113 The Design Co-ordination Framework: Key Elements for Effective Product Development M.M. Andreasen, A.H.B. Duffy, K.J. MacCallum, J. Bowen and T. Storm........ 151 Part III: Concurrent Engineering Concurrent Engineering: A Successful Example for Engineering Design Research T. Tomiyama ......................................... ;................................................................ 175 Understanding the Concurrent Engineering Implementation Process-A Study Using Focus Groups F. Lettice, S. Evans and P. smart.......................................................................... 187 Architecture to Handle Concurrent Engineering C. Cointe and N. Matta......................................................................................... 203 Part IV: Design Knowledge and Information Design Information Issues in New Product Development O.P. Boston, A. W. Court, S.J. Culley and C.A. McMahon .................................. 231 Improving Design Management in the Building Industry A.N. Baldwin, S.A. Austin and M.A.P. Murray................................................... 255 Design as Building and Reusing Artifact Theories: Understanding and Supporting Growth of Design Knowledge J.M. Reddy, S. Finger, S. Konda and E. Subrahmanian ..................................... 268 EDD '96 Programme Committee. ............................................................. 291 Preface Over the past decade, with greater emphasis being placed upon shorter lead times, better quality products, reduced product costs, and greater customer satisfaction, the topic of Engineering Design has received increased interest from the industrial and academic communities. Considerable effort in the past has taken a broad view of design and has been directed at developing methodologies of the design process or alternatively building computer tools that focus upon relatively narrow aspects of design. However we seem to be little closer to finding some of the key answers to issues raised within the Engineering Design research arena an.d design practice. This book contains papers and a summary report of the First International Engineering Design Debate (EDD) held in September 1996 in Glasgow, United Kingdom. The debate was directed at discussing key Issues concerning the improvement of Design Productivity with a view to deriving a common understanding of the basic factors, problems and potential solutions involved. The papers reflect the work and understanding in this topic area and have been grouped under the following headings: Design Studies Design Development Concurrent Engineering Design Knowledge & Information All papers were reviewed by two referees drawn from an international panel and one from the list of authors. They all deserve special thanks for their time, effort, pertinent comments and recommendations. Alex H.B. Duffy University of Strathclyde Design Productivity AHBDuffy CAD Centre. University of Strathclyde. 75 Montrose Street. Glasgow GIIXJ. United Kingdom. 1. Introduction Over the past decade. companies have been emphasising shorter lead times. better quality products. reduced product costs. and greater customer satisfaction. Hence. Engineering Design has received increased interest from the industrial and academic communities. These communities have focused on developing methodologies of the design process or building computer tools that focus upon relatively narrow aspects of design. However despite these efforts. we seem to be little closer to answering some of the key questions that have arisen from both engineering design practice and engineering design research. This paper presents the deliberations of the First International Engineering Design Debate held in September 1996. Glasgow. United Kingdom. The debate was directed at discussing key issues concerning the Improvement of Design Productivity with a view of deriving a common understanding of the basic factors. problems and potential solutions involved. Thus. key questions that were addressed were: • What is design productivity? • How can design productivity be measured? • What are the effective elements and how effective are they? • How do the elements relate? The outcomes from each of these questions are discussed in turn. A. H. B. Duffy (ed.), The Design Productivity Debate © Springer-Verlag London Limited 1998 2 2. What is design productivity ? After considerable debate about the nature of design productivity. the participants agreed that efficiency and effectiveness are its two key features. Efficiency was considered to be the ratio between benefits and cost = Efficiency Benefits/Costs where ___ technical (product) = Benefits Value of design ---lead-time (process) and Costs = Value of capital, labour and overheads Effectiveness. although it cannot be expressed in a simple formula. is a measure of the achievement of the desired effect or outcome. The participants in the debate elaborated on the concepts of efficiency and effectiveness independently of the definitions above. as depicted in Figure 1. This figure shows a number of relevant elements of these two key features along with elements relevant to design productivity in general. Design for Manufacture Team Structures -multi-discipline "-Value Engineering Gateways -inter-ciiscipline ~ , ~ V alue/time J Value Time Decisions Management Commm to market ~ Traditional Rework Functional or measure of Product~ Marketing efficiency Requirements "- weighting Engineering Risk ~"-- change Technical Standard Innovative queries Figure 1: Elements of Efficiency and Effectiveness 3 But can design productivity be an all encompassing concept or is it concerned with an individual. a group. a project. or a company? The result was a consideration of different "levels" of productivity. as shown below. A hypothesis. that Efficiency is more apparent and measurable at the lower level and Effectiveness more so at the higher level, was presented. i a) Business Productivity CJ) .C.J) (I) i c: (I) b) Project Productivity > 0 (I) >- :a:::: c) Team Productivity -Sub-systems 0 w c: (I) ·13 1 d) Individual Productivity =w= e) Product or Output measures (e.g. hours/task) ~ For a particular project. group. or individual the following factors were considered to have an affect on the degree of productivity: Pro_iect Team Individual Customer needs Communication Awareness Information Formation/structure Clear tasks and goals management Leadership Experience Plan Role allocation Innovation! Resource allocation Trust creativity/ ideas generation Knowledge Motivation As a result of the above considerations. design productivity was defmed as: The efficiency ofp roduction of a design solution, within a business context, that is effective to the overall requirements where efficiency relates to the process and effectiveness the product's development. 3. How can design productivity be measured ? This section presents the results of a general discussion on the measurement of design productivity and potential barriers for enhancing productivity. The measures are generic in nature and so can be applied to different elements of
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