The Design of the UNIX Operating System (Prentice-Hall Software Series)

488 Pages·1986·6.538 MB·English

by  Maurice J. Bach

AT&T
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THE DESIGN OF THE UNIX ®

OPERATING SYSTEM
Maurice J. Bach
PRENTICE-HALL, INC., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632
Copyright © 1986 by Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated.
Published by Prentice-Hall, Inc.
A division of Simon & Schuster
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632
Prentice-Hall Software Series
Brian W. Kernighan, Advisor
Cover Design Consultant: Sarah Bach
UNIX® is a registered trademark of AT&T.
DEC, PDP and VAX are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corp.
Series 32000 is a trademark of National Semiconductor Corp.
®Ada is a registered trademark of the U.S. Government (Ada Joint Program Office).
UNIVAC is a trademark of Sperry Corp.
This document was set on an AUTOLOGIC, Inc. APS-5 phototypesetter driven by the
TROFF formatter operating under the UNIX system on an AT&T 3B20 computer.
The Publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk
quantities. For more information write:
Special Sales/College Marketing
Prentice-Hall, Inc.
College Technical and Reference Division
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632
The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing
this book. These efforts include the development, research, and testing of the
theories and programs to determine their effectiveness. The author and
publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to
these programs or the documentation contained in this book. The author and
publisher shall not be liable in any event for incidental or consequential
damages in connection with, or arising out of, the furnishing, performance, or
use of these programs.
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without permission in writing from the publisher
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Editora Prentice-Hall do Brasil, Ltda., Rio de Janeiro
To my parents, for their patience and devotion,
to my daughters, Sarah and Rachel, for their laughter,
to my son, Joseph, who arrived after the first printing,
and to my wife, Debby, for her love and understanding.

CONTENTS
PREFACE (cid:9) xi
CHAPTER 1 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF THE SYSTEM (cid:9) 1
1.1 History (cid:9) 1
1.2 System Structure (cid:9) 4
1.3 User Perspective (cid:9) 6
1.4 Operating System Services (cid:9) 14
1.5 Assumptions About Hardware (cid:9) 15
1.6 Summary (cid:9) 18
v
(cid:9)(cid:9)
CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION TO THE KERNEL (cid:9) 19
2.1 Architecture of the UNIX Operating System (cid:9) 19
2.2 Introduction to System Concepts (cid:9) 22
2.3 Kernel Data Structures (cid:9) 34
2.4 System Administration (cid:9) 34
2.5 Summary and Preview (cid:9) 36
2.6 Exercises 37
CHAPTER 3 THE BUFFER CACHE (cid:9) 38
3.1 Buffer Headers (cid:9) 39
3.2 Structure of the Buffer Pool (cid:9) 40
3.3 Scenarios for Retrieval of a Buffer (cid:9) 42
3.4 Reading and Writing Disk Blocks (cid:9) 53
3.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Buffer Cache (cid:9) 56
3.6 Summary (cid:9) 57
3.7 Exercises 58
CHAPTER 4 INTERNAL REPRESENTATION OF FILES (cid:9) 60
4.1 Inodes (cid:9) 61
4.2 Structure of a Regular File (cid:9) 67
4.3 Directories (cid:9) 73
4.4 Conversion of a Path Name to an Inode (cid:9) 74
4.5 Super Block (cid:9) 76
4.6 Inode Assignment to a New File (cid:9) 77
4.7 Allocation of Disk Blocks (cid:9) 84
4.8 Other File Types (cid:9) 88
4.9 Summary (cid:9) 88
4.10 Exercises (cid:9) 89
vi
(cid:9)(cid:9)
CHAPTER 5 SYSTEM CALLS FOR THE FILE SYSTEM (cid:9) 91
5.1 Open (cid:9) 92
5.2 Read (cid:9) 96
5.3 Write (cid:9) 101
5.4 File and Record Locking (cid:9) 103
5.5 Adjusting the Position of File I/0 — LSEEK (cid:9) 103
5.6 Close (cid:9) 103
5.7 File Creation (cid:9) 105
5.8 Creation of Special Files (cid:9) 107
5.9 Change Directory and Change Root (cid:9) 109
5.10 Change Owner and Change Mode (cid:9) 110
5.11 STAT and FSTAT (cid:9) 110
5.12 Pipes 111
5.13 Dup (cid:9) 117
5.14 Mounting and Unmounting File Systems (cid:9) 119
5.15 Link (cid:9) 128
5.16 Unlink (cid:9) 132
5.17 File System Abstractions 138
5.18 File System Maintenance (cid:9) 139
5.19 Summary (cid:9) 140
5.20 Exercises (cid:9) 140
CHAPTER 6 THE STRUCTURE OF PROCESSES (cid:9) 146
6.1 Process States and Transitions (cid:9) 147
6.2 Layout of System Memory (cid:9) 151
6.3 The Context of a Process (cid:9) 159
6.4 Saving the Context of a Process (cid:9) 162
6.5 Manipulation of the Process Address Space (cid:9) 171
6.6 Sleep (cid:9) 182
V"
(cid:9)(cid:9)
6.7 Summary (cid:9) 188
6.8 Exercises 189
CHAPTER 7 PROCESS CONTROL (cid:9) 191
7.1 Process Creation (cid:9) 192
7.2 Signals (cid:9) 200
7.3 Process Termination (cid:9) 212
7.4 Awaiting Process Termination (cid:9) 213
7.5 Invoking Other Programs (cid:9) 217
7.6 The User ID of a Process (cid:9) 227
7.7 Changing the Size of a Process (cid:9) 229
7.8 The Shell (cid:9) 232
7.9 System Boot and the INIT Process (cid:9) 235
7.10 Summary (cid:9) 238
7.11 Exercises (cid:9) 239
CHAPTER 8 PROCESS SCHEDULING AND TIME (cid:9) 247
8.1 Process Scheduling (cid:9) 248
8.2 System Calls For Time (cid:9) 258
8.3 Clock (cid:9) 260
8.4 Summary (cid:9) 268
8.5 Exercises 268
CHAPTER 9 MEMORY MANAGEMENT POLICIES (cid:9) 271
9.1 Swapping (cid:9) 272
9.2 Demand Paging (cid:9) 285
9.3 A Hybrid System With Swapping and Demand Paging (cid:9) . . (cid:9) 307
9.4 Summary (cid:9) 307
9.5 Exercises (cid:9) 308
(cid:9)(cid:9)
CHAPTER 10 THE I/O SUBSYSTEM (cid:9) 312
10.1 Driver Interfaces (cid:9) 313
10.2 Disk Drivers (cid:9) 325
10.3 Terminal Drivers (cid:9) 329
10.4 Streams (cid:9) 344
10.5 Summary (cid:9) 351
10.6 Exercises (cid:9) 352
CHAPTER 11 INTERPROCESS COMMUNICATION (cid:9) 355
11.1 Process Tracing 356
11.2 System V IPC (cid:9) 359
11.3 Network Communications (cid:9) 382
11.4 Sockets (cid:9) 383
11.5 Summary (cid:9) 388
11.6 Exercises (cid:9) 389
CHAPTER 12 MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEMS (cid:9) 391
12.1 Problem of Multiprocessor Systems (cid:9) 392
12.2 Solution With Master and Slave Processors (cid:9) 393
12.3 Solution With Semaphores (cid:9) 395
12.4 The Tunis System 410
12.5 Performance Limitations (cid:9) 410
12.6 Exercises (cid:9) 410
CHAPTER 13 DISTRIBUTED UNIX SYSTEMS (cid:9) 412
13.1 Satellite Processors (cid:9) 414
13.2 The Newcastle Connection (cid:9) 422
13.3 Transparent Distributed File Systems (cid:9) 426
13.4 A Transparent Distributed Model Without Stub Processes . (cid:9) 429
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