Table Of Content

The Crusades: A Very Short Introduction Very Short Introductions are for anyone wanting a stimulating and accessible way in to a new subject. They are written by experts, and have been published in more than 25 languages worldwide. The series began in 1995, and now represents a wide variety of topics in history, philosophy, religion, science, and the humanities. Over the next few years it will grow to a library of around 200 volumes – a Very Short Introduction to everything from ancient Egypt and Indian philosophy to conceptual art and cosmology. Very Short Introductions available now: ANARCHISM Colin Ward CHRISTIANITY Linda Woodhead ANCIENT EGYPT Ian Shaw CLASSICS Mary Beard and ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY John Henderson Julia Annas CLAUSEWITZ Michael Howard ANCIENT WARFARE THE COLD WAR Robert McMahon Harry Sidebottom CONSCIOUSNESS Susan Blackmore THE ANGLO-SAXON AGE Continental Philosophy John Blair Simon Critchley ANIMAL RIGHTS David DeGrazia COSMOLOGY Peter Coles ARCHAEOLOGY Paul Bahn THE CRUSADES ARCHITECTURE Christopher Tyerman Andrew Ballantyne CRYPTOGRAPHY ARISTOTLE Jonathan Barnes Fred Piper and Sean Murphy ART HISTORY Dana Arnold DADA AND SURREALISM ART THEORY Cynthia Freeland David Hopkins THE HISTORY OF Darwin Jonathan Howard ASTRONOMY Michael Hoskin Democracy Bernard Crick Atheism Julian Baggini DESCARTES Tom Sorell Augustine Henry Chadwick DESIGN John Heskett BARTHES Jonathan Culler DINOSAURS David Norman THE BIBLE John Riches DREAMING J. Allan Hobson BRITISH POLITICS DRUGS Leslie Iversen Anthony Wright THE EARTH Martin Redfern Buddha Michael Carrithers EGYPTIAN MYTH BUDDHISM Damien Keown Geraldine Pinch BUDDHIST ETHICS Damien Keown EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY CAPITALISM James Fulcher BRITAIN Paul Langford THE CELTS Barry Cunliffe THE ELEMENTS Philip Ball CHOICE THEORY EMOTION Dylan Evans Michael Allingham EMPIRE Stephen Howe CHRISTIAN ART Beth Williamson ENGELS Terrell Carver Ethics Simon Blackburn LOGIC Graham Priest The European Union MACHIAVELLI Quentin Skinner John Pinder THE MARQUIS DE SADE EVOLUTION John Phillips Brian and Deborah Charlesworth MARX Peter Singer FASCISM Kevin Passmore MATHEMATICS Timothy Gowers FEMINISM Margaret Walters MEDICAL ETHICS Tony Hope FOSSILS Keith Thomson MEDIEVAL BRITAIN FOUCAULT Gary Gutting John Gillingham and Ralph A. Griffiths THE FRENCH REVOLUTION MODERN ART David Cottington William Doyle MODERN IRELAND Senia Pasˇeta FREE WILL Thomas Pink MOLECULES Philip Ball Freud Anthony Storr MUSIC Nicholas Cook Galileo Stillman Drake Myth Robert A. Segal Gandhi Bhikhu Parekh NATIONALISM Steven Grosby GLOBALIZATION NIETZSCHE Michael Tanner Manfred Steger NINETEENTH-CENTURY GLOBAL WARMING Mark Maslin BRITAIN Christopher Harvie and HABERMAS H. C. G. Matthew James Gordon Finlayson NORTHERN IRELAND HEGEL Peter Singer Marc Mulholland HEIDEGGER Michael Inwood PARTICLE PHYSICS Frank Close HIEROGLYPHS Penelope Wilson paul E. P. Sanders HINDUISM Kim Knott Philosophy Edward Craig HISTORY John H. Arnold PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE HOBBES Richard Tuck Samir Okasha HUME A. J. Ayer PLATO Julia Annas IDEOLOGY Michael Freeden POLITICS Kenneth Minogue Indian Philosophy POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY Sue Hamilton David Miller Intelligence Ian J. Deary POSTCOLONIALISM ISLAM Malise Ruthven Robert Young JOURNALISM Ian Hargreaves POSTMODERNISM JUDAISM Norman Solomon Christopher Butler Jung Anthony Stevens POSTSTRUCTURALISM KAFKA Ritchie Robertson Catherine Belsey KANT Roger Scruton PREHISTORY Chris Gosden KIERKEGAARD Patrick Gardiner PRESOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY THE KORAN Michael Cook Catherine Osborne LINGUISTICS Peter Matthews Psychology Gillian Butler and LITERARY THEORY Freda McManus Jonathan Culler QUANTUM THEORY LOCKE John Dunn John Polkinghorne RENAISSANCE ART SOCIOLOGY Steve Bruce Geraldine A. Johnson Socrates C. C. W. Taylor ROMAN BRITAIN Peter Salway THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR ROUSSEAU Robert Wokler Helen Graham RUSSELL A. C. Grayling SPINOZA Roger Scruton RUSSIAN LITERATURE STUART BRITAIN John Morrill Catriona Kelly TERRORISM Charles Townshend THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION THEOLOGY David F. Ford S. A. Smith THE HISTORY OF TIME SCHIZOPHRENIA Leofranc Holford-Strevens Chris Frith and Eve Johnstone TRAGEDY Adrian Poole SCHOPENHAUER THE TUDORS John Guy Christopher Janaway TWENTIETH-CENTURY SHAKESPEARE BRITAIN Kenneth O. Morgan Germaine Greer THE VIKINGS Julian Richards SIKHISM Eleanor Nesbitt Wittgenstein A. C. Grayling SOCIAL AND CULTURAL WORLD MUSIC Philip Bohlman ANTHROPOLOGY THE WORLD TRADE John Monaghan and Peter Just ORGANIZATION SOCIALISM Michael Newman Amrita Narlikar Available soon: AFRICAN HISTORY John Parker HIV/AIDS Alan Whiteside and Richard Rathbone INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ANGLICANISM Mark Chapman Paul Wilkinson THE BRAIN Michael O’Shea JAZZ Brian Morton CHAOS Leonard Smith MANDELA Tom Lodge CITIZENSHIP Richard Bellamy THE MIND Martin Davies CONTEMPORARY ART PERCEPTION Richard Gregory Julian Stallabrass PHILOSOPHY OF LAW THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS Raymond Wacks Timothy Lim PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION Derrida Simon Glendinning Jack Copeland and Diane Proudfoot ECONOMICS Partha Dasgupta PHOTOGRAPHY Steve Edwards THE END OF THE WORLD PSYCHIATRY Tom Burns Bill McGuire RACISM Ali Rattansi EXISTENTIALISM Thomas Flynn THE RAJ Denis Judd THE FIRST WORLD WAR THE RENAISSANCE Jerry Brotton Michael Howard THE ROMAN EMPIRE FUNDAMENTALISM Christopher Kelly Malise Ruthven ROMANTICISM Duncan Wu For more information visit our web site www.oup.co.uk/vsi/ Christopher Tyerman THE CRUSADES A Very Short Introduction 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Christopher Tyerman 2004 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published as Fighting for Christendom 2004 First published as a Very Short Introduction 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organizations. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available ISBN 0–19–280655–6 978–0–19–280655–0 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Typeset by RefineCatch Ltd, Bungay, Suffolk Printed in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall For P. P. A. B. This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface xi List of maps xiii List of illustrations xiv Introduction 1 1 Definition 12 2 Crusades in the eastern Mediterranean 19 3 Crusades in the west 42 4 The impact of the Crusades 53 5 Holy war 64 6 The business of the cross 86 7 Holy lands 109 Conclusion 136 Further reading 145 Chronology 148 Index 154