The Crusader States

503 Pages·2012·41.24 MB·English

by  Malcolm Barber

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The Crusader State s
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t h e
C r u s a d e r
S tat e s
939
M a l col m Ba r be r
YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS
NEW HAVEN AND LONDON
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Copyright © 2012 Malcolm Barber
All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part, in any form
(beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and
except by reviewers for the public press) without written permission from the publishers.
For information about this and other Yale University Press publications, please contact:
U.S. Office: [email protected] www.yalebooks.com
Europe Office: sales @yaleup.co.uk www.yalebooks.co.uk
Set in Minion Pro by IDSUK (DataConnection) Ltd
Printed in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Barber, Malcolm
The crusader states/Malcolm Barber.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-300-11312-9 (cl : alk. paper)
1. Latin Orient—History. 2. Crusades. 3. Jerusalem—History—Latin Kingdom,
1099–1244. 4. Christianity and other religions—Islam. 5. Civilization, Medieval. I.
Title.
D182.B37 2012
956’.014—dc23
2012009776
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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To Dominic, Sam, Rhys, Calum and Cieran
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939
Contents
List of Illustrations viii
Preface xii
Introduction 1
1 The Expedition to Jerusalem 4
2 Syria and Palestine 26
3 The First Settlers 50
4 The Origins of the Latin States 65
5 The Military, Institutional and Ecclesiastical Framework 98
6 Antioch and Jerusalem 121
7 The Second Generation 149
8 The Zengid Threat 174
9 The Frankish Imprint 200
10 King Amalric 231
11 The Disintegration of the Crusader States 262
12 The Battle of Hattin and its Consequences 289
13 The Third Crusade 324
Conclusion 356
Chronology 358
Abbreviations 367
Notes 369
Further Reading 433
Bibliography 434
Index 451
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939
Illustrations
Plates
1 The Ascension of Christ. The tympanum of the church of Montceaux-
L’Étoile (Saône-et-Loire), early twelfth century. Reproduced by permission
of Auguste Allemand.
2 Castle of Saone, Nosairi Mountains. Reproduced by permission of the
Institut Française d’Archéologie, Beirut.
3 Mount Tabor. Reproduced by permission of Richard Cleave.
4 Main street of the Roman city of Jerash, Gilead Hills. Author’s photograph.
5 St George’s Monastery, Choziba. Author’s photograph.
6 Ornamental initial P from a sacramentary produced by the Scriptorium of
the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, 1129–30. Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge,
Ms. McClean 49, reproduced by permission of Fitzwilliam College,
Cambridge.
7 The Melisende Psalter, front cover, scenes from the life of David, c.1135. BL,
Egerton 1139, reproduced by permission of the British Library.
8 The Melisende Psalter, the Descent from the Cross, c.1135. BL, Egerton
1139, reproduced by permission of the British Library.
9 Full page miniature of St John, from the Gospel of St John, produced by the
Scriptorium of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem, 1140s. BN, Ms. Latin 9396,
reproduced by permission of the Bibliothèque Nationale.
10 Aqua Bella, eastern side. Author’s photograph.
11 Coins issued by King Baldwin III, c.1152 and King Amalric, c.1163–74.
Reproduced by permission of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge.
12 The castle at Jacob’s Ford, on the Jordan River. Reproduced by permission
of Duby Tal and Moni Harmati, Albatross, Tel Aviv.
13 Castle of Belvoir, Galilee. Reproduced by permission of B. Boas.
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illustrations ix
14 Castle of Kerak in Moab. Reproduced by permisison of Richard Cleave.
15 The Virgin leading an apostle through the perils of Hell. Capital from the
shrine-grotto of the church of the Annunciation, Nazareth. Reproduced by
permission of Pantheon, Florence.
Maps and Plans
pages
1 The Latin patriarchate of Antioch. B. Hamilton, The Latin
Church in the Crusader States. The Secular Church, London:
Variorum, 1980, p. 393. xvi
2 The Latin patriarchate of Jerusalem. B. Hamilton, The Latin
Church in the Crusader States. The Secular Church, London:
Variorum, 1980, p. 394. xvii
3 The Near East in the twelfth century. 6
4 Syria and Palestine. 29
5 Plan of Antioch. G. Downey, A History of Antioch in Syria
from Seleucus to the Arab Conquest, Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press, 1961, no. 11. 39
6 The road from Jerusalem to the Jordan in the twelfth century.
D. Pringle, ‘Templar Castles on the Road to the Jordan’, in
The Military Orders. Fighting for the Faith and Caring for the
Sick, ed. M. Barber, London: Variorum, 1994, p. 149. 41
7 The kingdom of Jerusalem in the twelfth century. 72
8 Northern Syria in the twelfth century. Adapted from
M. Amouroux-Mourad, Le Comté d’Édesse, 1098–1150, Paris:
Bibliothèque archéologique et historique d’Institut français
d’archéologie du Proche-Orient, 1988. 79
9 The county of Edessa in the first half of the twelfth century.
Adapted from The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, ed. A. V. Murray,
vol. 2, Santa Barbara: ABC Clio, 2006, p. 381. 80
10 The county of Tripoli in the twelfth century. Adapted from
J. Richard, Le Comté de Tripoli sous la dynastie toulousaine
(1102–1187), Paris: Geuthner, 1945. 88
11 Losses of territory in the principality of Antioch after the battles
of Harran (1104) and the Field of Blood (1119). T. Asbridge,
‘The significance and causes of the battle of the Field of
Blood’, Journal of Medieval History, 23 (1997), pp. 304–5
(published by Elsevier Science Ltd). 126–7
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