The CRC Press Terrorism Reader

406 Pages·2013·5.012 MB·English

by  Maras, Marie-Helen

Terrorism / Counterterrorism M
The CRC Press
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The CRC Press Terrorism Reader assembles the insight of an unrivaled pool of author a
experts to provide the ultimate comprehensive resource on terrorism. With information s
drawn from premier titles in the CRC Press collection, the book begins by discussing the
Terrorism Reader
origins, definitions, and psychology of terrorism as well as terrorist motivations. It goes on
to explore a range of issues, providing readers with an understanding of what the terrorist T
threat is, the history behind it, and strategies to detect, mitigate, and prevent attacks.
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Topics include:

• Terrorist organizations and cells C
• Phases of the terrorist cycle, including target selection, planning and preparation, R
escape and evasion, and media exploitation
C
• Weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), including chemical, biological, radiological,

and nuclear (CBRN)
P
• Methods for deterrence and intelligence-driven counterterrorism r
• The terrorist threat from Latin America, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia e
• The impact of the Arab Spring s
s
• Why suicide bombings are the ultimate terrorist tool

• The crime-terror nexus and terrorist funding
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• Technology in terrorism and counterterrorism e
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Providing real-world insight and solutions to terrorist threats and acts at home and abroad, r
the book goes beyond theory to deliver practitioner knowledge from the field straight into o
the reader’s hands.
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6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW K20378 r Marie-Helen Maras
Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487
ISBN: 978-1-4665-8832-5
711 Third Avenue
New York, NY 10017 90000
an informa business
2 Park Square, Milton Park
www.crcpress.com Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK
9 781466 588325
w w w.c r c p r e s s .co m
K20378 mech-rev.indd 1 10/9/13 8:12 AM
The CRC Press
Terrorism Reader

The CRC Press
Terrorism Reader
Marie-Helen Maras
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
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Version Date: 20130715
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-8833-2 (eBook - PDF)
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To my beloved niece, Hera-Demetra Maras
May you always follow your dreams

Contents
Introduction ...........................................................................................................................xvii
Author .....................................................................................................................................xxv
Part I Terrorism and Terrorism History
Chapter 1 Definitions and Origins of Terrorism ................................................................3
What Is Terrorism? ...............................................................................................4
Definitions of Terrorism ......................................................................................5
The History of Terrorism .....................................................................................7
The First Wave ..................................................................................................9
The Second Wave .............................................................................................9
The Third Wave ..............................................................................................10
The Fourth Wave ............................................................................................11
Concluding Thoughts .........................................................................................12
Chapter 2 Motivations of Terrorists and the Psychology of Terrorism .........................13
Ideologies Terrorists Espouse ...........................................................................14
Political and Policy-Based Ideologies ..........................................................14
Religious Extremist Ideologies .....................................................................16
Terrorist Motivations and Goals ......................................................................18
Primary Motivations/Goals ..........................................................................18
Secondary Motivation/Goals .......................................................................18
Internal Psychology of Terrorist Acts ..............................................................19
Dynamics of Large-Group Identity .................................................................21
Terrorism as a Group Activity: Large-Group Identity .................................23
Large Groups and Totalistic Belief Systems ...................................................24
Concluding Thoughts ........................................................................................25
Chapter 3 International and Domestic Terrorism ...........................................................27
International Terrorism .....................................................................................27
Subcategories of International Terrorism ......................................................29
Domestic Terrorism ...........................................................................................31
Subcategories of Domestic Terrorism ..............................................................31
Left-Wing Terrorists ...........................................................................................31
Anarchists ............................................................................................................33
vii
Contents
Right-Wing Terrorists ........................................................................................33
Special-Interest Terrorists .................................................................................35
Animal Rights ................................................................................................35
Ecoterrorists ..................................................................................................36
Antiabortionist Terrorists ............................................................................36
Domestic and International Lone-Wolf and Homegrown Terrorism ........38
Leaderless Groups and Lone Wolves ..........................................................38
ALF Lone Wolf ...................................................................................................38
Islamic Lone Wolves ...........................................................................................39
Early Homegrown Terrorists ...........................................................................40
Non-Islamic Homegrown Contemporary Terrorists ...................................40
Contemporary Homegrown Islamic Terrorists..............................................41
Concluding Thoughts ........................................................................................42
Part II Terrorist Tactics, Terrorist Capabilities
Chapter 4 Terrorist Organizations and Cells ....................................................................47
Types of Terrorist Cells ......................................................................................47
Operative Membership Pools ...........................................................................48
Terrorist Cell Size ..............................................................................................48
How Cells and Leadership Communicate .....................................................49
Terrorist Command and Control Cells ..........................................................50
Terrorist Intelligence Cells ...............................................................................50
Cell Leader .....................................................................................................50
Surveillance Team ..........................................................................................51
Photography Team .........................................................................................51
Penetration Team ...........................................................................................51
Security/Driver ...............................................................................................51
Terrorist Tactical Operations Cells ..................................................................52
Terrorist Logistics Cells .....................................................................................52
Terrorist Group Structures and Membership: Who Orders Terrorist
Acts? ......................................................................................................................53
Terrorist Command and Control Structures ..................................................53
Organizational Models .....................................................................................54
Religious Terrorist Organization Structure ...................................................56
Political Terrorist Organization Structure ......................................................57
Combined Cell Organization Structure .........................................................58
Case Study: Ecoterrorism .................................................................................60
Concluding Thoughts .........................................................................................61
Chapter 5 Terrorist Planning, Surveillance, Targeting, and Operations .....................63
The Terrorist Attack Cycle ................................................................................64
Phase I: Target Selection ..............................................................................65
Phase II: Operational Planning and Preparation .....................................65
Terrorist Preparations: Tactics, Safe Houses, and Supplies .........................66
Tactic Selection ..............................................................................................66
Explosive Bombing Attack ......................................................................66
viii
Contents
Arson .........................................................................................................67
Assassination ............................................................................................67
Light Infantry Weapons Attack .............................................................68
Armed Raid ...............................................................................................69
Abduction (Kidnapping, Hostage Taking) ...........................................69
Barricade or Hostage Barricade ..............................................................70
Human-Guided (Suicide/Martyr) Weapon Attack ..............................70
Aviation Attacks ........................................................................................71
Maritime Attacks .....................................................................................72
Vehicle Commandeering (Hijacking) and Theft ..................................73
Industrial and Infrastructure Attack .....................................................73
Physical Intimidation or Maiming .........................................................73
Safe Houses .....................................................................................................73
Detection of Terrorist Supply Chains: Terrorist Supply Is an
Indicator of Future Activity .....................................................................74
Terrorist Methods of Acquiring Supplies ...................................................75
Phase III: Plan Implementation ...................................................................75
Phase IV: Escape and Evasion ......................................................................78
Phase V: Media Exploitation .......................................................................79
Concluding Thoughts ........................................................................................79
Chapter 6 WMD and CBRN ...............................................................................................81
Introduction ........................................................................................................81
September 11 and Terrorists’ Designs ........................................................82
CBRN and Terrorists’ Capabilities .............................................................82
Nuclear Weapons ...............................................................................................83
Nuclear Material Acquisition and Weapon Production..........................83
The Prospect of Nuclear Attack ..................................................................84
Radiological Weapons .......................................................................................85
Biological Weapons ...........................................................................................87
Dissemination Challenges ...........................................................................88
Aum Shinrikyo and Bioterrorism ..............................................................90
2001 US Anthrax Attacks .............................................................................91
Chemical Weapons ............................................................................................92
Acquisition, Manufacture, and Use ...........................................................94
Aum Shinrikyo and Chemical Terrorism .................................................96
Concluding Thoughts ........................................................................................97
Chapter 7 Terrorist Funding .............................................................................................101
Classifying Terrorist Sources of Support ......................................................101
Earning, Moving, Storing ................................................................................102
Earning ..........................................................................................................102
Cultural or Ethnic Support Organizations .........................................102
Charities ...................................................................................................103
Zakat .........................................................................................................103
Illicit Activities .......................................................................................104
Other Fund-Raising Methods ..............................................................108
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